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Boards: Gross > Thorax, Lungs, Heart, Abdomen > Flashcards

Thorax, Lungs, Heart, Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical name and the clinical name for the thoracic inlet?

A

Anatomical: Superior thoracic aperture
Clinical: thoracic outlet

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2
Q

What 2 major structures are located at the thoracic outlet (aka inferior thoracic aperture)?

A

T11-T12 diaphragm closes off. Separation of thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

T11-T12 gastro-esophageal junction

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3
Q

What is the area called where the esophagus meets the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Cardiac notch

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4
Q

What kind of muscle is found in the esophagus?

A

Mix of smooth and striated muscle

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5
Q

What is the mnemonic for the diaphragm of associated structures transmitted from superior to inferior, anterior to posterior?

A

“I 8 10 Eggs At 12”

IVC - T8
Esophagus - T10
Aorta - T12

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6
Q

What are the muscles of expiration?

A

Internal intercostals

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7
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration?

A

External intercostals

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8
Q

What is the mnemonic used to remember which intercostals are inspiratory/expiratory?

A

“I goes with E”

Expiration - Internal
Inspiration - External

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9
Q

What are the 3 ligaments of the diaphragm?

A

MediaN arcuate ligmament (Right crus = L1-L3, Left Crus = L1-L2)

MediaL arcuate ligament
Lateral arcuate ligament

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10
Q

What are the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments of the diaphragm derived from?

A 
Medial = derived from psoas fascia
Lateral = derived from quadratus lumborum fascia
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11
Q

What is the function of mesentery?

A

Connects organs to posterior abdominal wall

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12
Q

What is the function of ligaments in the abdominal cavity?

A

Connects one organ to another

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13
Q

What does the greater omentum connect?

A

Connects greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

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14
Q

What does the lesser omentum connect?

A

Connects lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

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15
Q

Where is the greater sac located?

A

Behind the greater omentum

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16
Q

Where is the lesser sac located?

A

Behind the lesser omentum

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17
Q

What is the epiploic foramen (aka foramen of Winslow)?

A

Opening between greater and lesser peritoneal sacs

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18
Q

What are the borders of the epiploic foramen?

A 
Inferior = duodenum
Superior = caudate lobe of the liver
Posterior = IVC
Anterior = Common bile duct, portal vein, hepatic A.
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19
Q

What are the 7 retroperitoneal organs?

A 
Kidney 
Adrenals
Pancreas
Aorta
Colon (ascending and descending)
Duodenum (most)
IVC
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20
Q

Which lung hemisphere has arterial impressions, and which has venous impression?

A

Left lung: Arterial impressions

Right lung: Venous impressions (e.g. azygous V.)

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21
Q

What are the contents of the left hilum from superior to inferior?

A

Pulmonary A.
Bronchus
Pulmonary V.

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22
Q

What are the contents of the right hilum from superior to inferior?

A

Bronchus and pulmonary A. are both most superior,

Pulmonary V. is most inferior

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23
Q

What lung has the lingula and where is it located?

A

Left lung, left upper lobe (homolog to R middle lobe)

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24
Q

What does the lingula (left lung) contain?

A

Cardiac notch

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25
Q

what is the path of the respiratory system from trachea to secondary bronchus?

A

Trachea begins at C6 (inf margin of cricoid) and ends at T4 (sternal angle, aka angle of louis) where it bifurcates as the carinae into right and left primary (principal) brochus. Hyaline cartilage from trachea to secondary bronchus.

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26
Q

What are the cardinal bronchii?

A

Primary bronchus (principal)

Secondary bronchus (Lobar)

Tertiary bronchus (segmental)

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27
Q

What is the order of the tertiary bronchus?

A 
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli (simple squamous)
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28
Q

Where does cartilage stop in the respiratory tract?

A

Secondary bronchus. NO cartilage in the tertiary bronchi.

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29
Q

How many lobar segments does each lung have?

A

Right lung: 3 lobar segments

Left lung: 3 lobar segments

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30
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?

A

R Lung: 10

Left lung: 8

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31
Q

If there is fluid in the lungs where will it accumulate?

A

The costodiaphgragmatic recess

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32
Q

What is characteristic of the fissures of the left lung?

A

Oblique only (separates superior lobe from inferior lobe)

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33
Q

What is characteristic of the fissures of the right lung?

A

Horizontal (@ 4th rib anteriorly and T6 posteriorly)

Oblique (separates middle lobe from inferior lobe)

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34
Q

What are the 4 divisions of parietal pleura?

A
  1. ) Mediastinal pleura
  2. ) Diaphragmatic pleura
  3. ) Costal pleura
  4. ) Cervical pleura
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35
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

From mediastinal pleura, located inferior to root of lung

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36
Q

What is the cupola?

A

Apex of cervical pleura, above the clavicle

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37
Q

What are the divisions of the mediastinum?

A

Superior and Inferior

Inferior divided into: Anterior, middle, and posterior

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38
Q

What divides the superior and inferior mediastinum?

A

Sternal angle

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39
Q

What is contained in the anterior part of the inferior mediastinum?

A

Thymus
Areolar tissue
Lymph nodes

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40
Q

What is located in the superior mediastinum?

A 
Thymus
Arch of aorta
Trachea
SVC
ESOPHAGUS
THORACIC DUCT
VAGUS NERVE
PHRENIC N.
Cardiac N.
Both recurrent laryngeal N.
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41
Q

What is located in the posterior part of the inferior mediastinum?

A 
Thoracic & descending aorta
Carini & bronchi
Azygous & hemiazygous V
ESOPHAGUS
THORACIC DUCT
VAGUS NERVE
Splanchnic N.
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42
Q

What is found in the middle part of the inferior mediastinum?

A 
Heart & pericardium
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary A & V
Lower 1/2 of SVC
Arch of azygous 
PHRENIC N.
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43
Q

What 2 places receive blood drainage from the heart?

A 
Coronary sinus (most veins of the heart)
Directly into the chambers of the heart (small veins)
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44
Q

What is the coronary sinus and what drains into it?

A

The main vein of the heart;

Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein

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45
Q

What does the coronary sinus open into?

A

Right atrium

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46
Q

What is the great cardiac vein and what is its pathway?

A

The main tributary of the coronary sinus;

(Wraps around left). It ascends into the anterior interventricular groove with the anterior interventricular A.

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47
Q

What is the pathway of the middle cardiac vein?

A

Ascends in the POSTerior interventricular groove with the posterior branch of the right coronary A.

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48
Q

What is the pathway of the small cardiac vein?

A

Runs in the coronary groove with the marginal A.

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49
Q

What 6 structures do you need to know for the right atrium?

A

AV node: @ opening of SVC)

Sinus venarum: Smooth space between openings of SVC & IVC)

Crista terminalis: In right atrium

Musculi pectinei: Muscular ridges in atria (AKA pectinate muscles)

Fossa Ovalis: Depression on intratrial septum. Remnant of foramen ovale

AV node: In interatrial septum

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50
Q

What are the AV valves made of?

A

Endocardium

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51
Q

What 6 structures do you need to know for the ventricles?

A

Left ventricle = thickest part of heart

Chordae tendinae: Tendinous strands attatched to papillary muscles and valve cusps (prevents eversion of AV valves)

Papillary muscles: come off muscular walls

Trabeculae carinae: muscular ridges in ventricles

Conus arteriosus: Conical prolongation of right ventrical from which coronary arteries emerge

Moderator band: right ventricle, contains right bundle branch (electrical stuff of right heart)

52
Q

What is the mnemonic for the arteries of the heart?

A

Hearts LAC RPMMs

L: Left coronary
A: Anterior interventricular
C: Circumflex artery

R: Right coronary
P: Posterior inteventricular
M: Marginal
M: Muscular Branch (one of these also with Left coronary)

53
Q

What structure does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?

A

Think major vessel on LEFT and higher up: Arch of Aorta

54
Q

What structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?

A

Think major vessel on RIGHT and higher up: Right subclavian A.

55
Q

How many regions does boards recognize for abdominal anatomy?

A

9

Epigastric
Umbilical (gastrium)
Pubic (aka hypograstric)
Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar (right renal or 'lateral')
Left lumbar (left renal, or 'lateral')
Right Iliac (aka inguinal)
Left Iliac (aka inguinal)
56
Q

Where is the fundic region?

A

Ontop

57
Q

Where are the lesser and greater curvatures of the stomach located?

A

Lesser curvature on right side (smaller curve)

Greater curvature on left sider (larger curvature)

58
Q

Where is the gastric antrum?

A

In the pyloric region, before the pyloric sphincter

59
Q

Which artery is associated with the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Left gastric A.

60
Q

Which arteries are associated with the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Left and right gastroepiploic arteries

61
Q

What is the first major branch off of the abdominal aorta and what are it’s 3 major branches?

A

Celiac trunk;

Left gastric
Splenic
Common hepatic

62
Q

What is Stenson’s duct and where is it located?

A

Parotid gland, opposite upper 2nd molar

63
Q

Where is Wharton’s duct?

A

Submandibular gland

64
Q

Where is Bartholin’s gland?

A

Sublingual

65
Q

What is Wirsung’s duct?

A

Main pancreatic duct

66
Q

What is Santorini’s duct?

A

Accessory pancreatic duct

67
Q

Where is the L and R hepatic ducts from and what do they form?

A

From L and R lobe of the liver, forms Common Hepatic

68
Q

Where is the Cystic duct from?

A

Gallbladder

69
Q

What is the flow of bile and liver contents?

A
  1. ) R and L hepatic ducts form common hepatic duct
  2. ) Common hepatic + cystic duct = common bile duct
  3. ) Common bile duct + Main pancreatic duct (Wirsung’s) = hepatopancreatic ampulla (Vater)
    4: Ampulla of Vater empties into 2nd part of duodenum @ the summit of the major duodenal papilla (Sphincter of Oddi)
70
Q

What are the 3 major endocrine secretions of the pancreas?

A

Glucagon
Insulin
Somatostatin

71
Q

What cells secrete each pancreatic endocrine product?

A

Glucagon: Alpha cells
Insulin: Beta cells
Somatostatin: (Delta cells)

72
Q

What are the 5 exocrine (acinar) products of the pancreas?

A 
Trypsinogen
Chymotrypsinogen
Lipase
Amalase
Bicarbonate
73
Q

The head of the pancreas contacts what part of the duodenum?

A

2nd segment (descending) part of duodenum

74
Q

Where is the uncinate process of the pancreas located?

A

Tongue-like projection inferior to the head of pancreas

75
Q

What does the body and tail of the pancreas contact?

A

Body: Stomach and L kidney

Tail: spleen (the pancreas is licking the spleen)

76
Q

What is the primary blood supplier for the pancreas?

A

Branches of the splenic artery (branch of celiac trunk)

77
Q

What type of fibers is the spleen made up of?

A

Type III reticular fibers

78
Q

Since the spleen is the filter of the body, what does the red pulp and white pulp filter respectively?

A

Red pulp = filters RBC

White pulp = filter WBC

79
Q

What separates the R and L lobes of the liver?

A

The falciform ligament

80
Q

What separates the L lobe from the caudate lobe?

A

The ligamentum venosum

81
Q

What is the remnant of the ductus venosus from fetal circulation?

A

The ligamentum venosum

82
Q

What separates the quadrate lobe and the left lobe?

A

The round ligament (ligamentum teres)

83
Q

What is the remnant of the left umbilical vein?

A

The round ligament (ligamentum teres)

84
Q

What attatches the liver to the diaphragm?

A

The coronary ligament and the falciform ligament

85
Q

What are the superior/lateral attachments of liver to diaphragm?

A

Triangular ligaments

86
Q

Which lobe of the liver cannot be palpated?

A

The caudate lobe

87
Q

What 3 ligaments attach the liver to the diaphragm?

A

Falciform ligament
Coronary ligament
Triangular ligament

88
Q

On the inferior view of the liver, what separates the quadrate lobe from the right lobe?

A

The gallbladder

89
Q

What is the pathway of venous blood flow into and out of the liver?

A

Superior mesenteric vein + splenic vein = portal vein. Portal vein empties into liver.
Liver sinusoids drain by central vein -> hepatic vein, hepatic vein drains into IVC.

90
Q

What venous branch feeds into the splenic vein?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

91
Q

What forms the haustra?

A

Taeniae coli (3 longitudinal bands)

92
Q

What connects the small intestine to the large intestine?

A

Ileo-cecal valve

93
Q

At the transition found at the 2/3 transverse colon, what 3 major things change?

A

Midgut -> hindgut

Vagus N. -> Pelvic splanchnics (S2-S4)

Superior mesenteric A. -> Inferior mesenteric A.

94
Q

What are the mucous secreting glands of the large intestine?

A

Goblet cells

95
Q

What constitutes the foregut and what are its contents?

A

Oral cavity to 1st 1/3 of duodenum.

Contents: Oral cavity, pharynx, lower respiratory tract, stomach, duodenum, liver, pancreas, spleen

96
Q

What is the blood supply to the foregut?

A

THORACIC AORTA
Bronchial A.
Esophageal and post intercostal AA

ABDOMINAL AORTA
All 3 branches of celiac trunk: Left gastric A, splenic A, and common hepatic A.

97
Q

What is the innervation of the foregut?

A

Vagus N.

98
Q

What constitutes the midgut and what are its contents?

A

Remaining 2/3 of duodenum -> 1st 2/3 transverse colon

Contains: Small intestine (except 1st 1/3 of duodenum), Large intestine: cecum, appendix, ascending, 1st 2/3 of transverse colon

99
Q

What is the blood supply to the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric A (right side of abdomen)

100
Q

What constitutes the hindgut and what are it’s contents?

A

Last 1/3 of transverse colon -> anus.

Contains: Last 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

101
Q

What is the blood supply to the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric A. (left side of abdomen)

102
Q

What is the innervation of the hindgut?

A

S2-S4 Pelvic splanchnic nerves

103
Q

What is the blood supply of the bladder/urethra?

A

Internal iliac A

104
Q

What is the blood supply to the genitalia?

A

Pudendal A.

105
Q

What is the nerve supply to the bladder/urethra and genitalia?

A

Pudendal N.

106
Q

Which two major veins empty into the SVC?

A

Azygous, hemiazygous VV

107
Q

What does the azygous drain and where does it empty?

A

Drains right abdomen and empties into SVC. R & L intercostals & lumbars. Begins L1-L2

108
Q

What does the hemiazygous drain and where does it empty?

A

Drains left abdomen. Begins L1-L2. Crosses over @ T8 to join azygous

109
Q

What veins drain into the IVC?

A

External & internal iliac -> R & L common iliac v -> IVC

110
Q

What does the common iliac V. drain?

A

Drains testicles or ovaries, phrenic vein, suprarenal, renal, hepatic vein

111
Q

What are the 3 fetal blood bypasses?

A

Ductus venosus: Liver sinusoid

Ductus arteriosis: Lungs (between left pulmonary A and arch of aorta

Foramen ovale: Lungs

112
Q

What is the remnant of the left umbilical vein?

A

Ligamentum teres (aka round ligament of liver)

113
Q

What is the mnemonic for the thyrocervical trunk?

A

TIST

T: Thyrocervical trunk
I: Inferior thyroid A.
S: Suprascapular A.
T: Transverse cervical A.

114
Q

What is the mnemonic for the suprahyoid muscles?

A

MSG and you Die

M: Mylohyoid
S: Stylohyoid
G: Geniohyoid
D: Digastric

115
Q

What is the mnemonic for the infrahyoid muscles?

A

TOSS IN:

T:Thyrohyoid
O:Omohyoid
S:Sternohyoid,
S:Sternothyroid

116
Q

What is the innervation for the stylohyoid muscle?

A

CN7

117
Q

What is the innervation for the digastric muscle?

A

Anterior belly: CN V,
Post belly: CN VII

“Five comes before Seven”

118
Q

What is the innervation for the mylohyoid muscle?

A

CN V

119
Q

What is the innervation for the geniohyoid muscle?

A

C1 spinal nerve via CN XII

120
Q

What is the innervation for the infrahyoid muscles?

A

All innervated by Ansa cervicalis, except for Thyrohyoid (C1 spinal nerve via CN XII)

121
Q

What is plasma called when it passes into the lymph capillaries?

A

Lymph fluid

122
Q

What side of the body does the thoracic duct drain?

A

The entire left side and everything below the ribs on both sides

123
Q

Where does the thoracic duct empty?

A

Into the junction of the left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein.

124
Q

What is the right lymphatic duct?

A

Drains lymph from the upper right side of the body and empties into the junction of the right internal jugular vein and right subclavian vein.

125
Q

Where does the thoracic duct begin?

A

Begins as a dilation in front of L2 (cisterna chyli)

126
Q

What other important structure terminates at the same level as the cisterna chyli?

A

Spinal cord

Boards: Gross (5 decks)

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