Lower limb Flashcards
Flexion of the hip joint (with the knee extended) is limited by the
A. iliofemoral ligament. B. anterior abdominal wall. C. ischiofemoral ligament. D. pubofemoral ligament. E. anterior superior iliac spine. F. None of the above
F. None of the above
Abduction of the hip joint is limited by the
A. pectineus muscle. B. iliofemoral ligament. C. ischiofemoral ligament. D. pubofemoral ligament. E. ligament of the head of the femur. F. None of the above.
D. pubofemoral ligament.
Extension of the hip joint is limited by the A. iliofemoral ligament. B. pubofemoral ligament. C. ischiofemoral ligament. D. quadriceps muscle. E. adductor magnus muscle.
A. iliofemoral ligament.
Flexion of the hip joint (with the knee flexed) is limited by the
A. hamstring muscles. B. iliofemoral ligament. C. adductor magnus muscle. D. pubofemoral ligament. E. anterior abdominal wall. F. ischiofemoral ligament
E. anterior abdominal wall.
The long head of the biceps femoris muscle is innervated by the
A. obturator nerve. B. tibial portion of the sciatic nerve. C. femoral nerve. D. common peroneal nerve. E. sural nerve.
B. tibial portion of the sciatic nerve.
The gracilis muscle is innervated by the
A. femoral nerve. B. common peroneal nerve. C. sural nerve. D. obturator nerve. E. tibial portion of the sciatic nerve.
D. obturator nerve.
The gluteus maximus muscle is innervated by the
A. inferior gluteal nerve. B. nerve to quadratus femoris. C. obturator nerve. D. superior gluteal nerve. E. nerve to obturator internus.
A. inferior gluteal nerve.
The sartorius muscle is innervated by the
A. obturator nerve. B. femoral nerve. C. nerve to vastus medialis. D. superior gluteal nerve. E. lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh.
B. femoral nerve.
The hamstring portion of the adductor magnus muscle is innervated by the
A. common peroneal nerve. B. tibial portion of the sciatic nerve. C. obturator nerve. D. femoral nerve. E. nerve to the pectineus muscle.
B. tibial portion of the sciatic nerve.
. The adductor longus muscle is innervated by the
A. femoral nerve.
B. common peroneal nerve.
C. tibial portion of the sciatic nerve.
D. anterior division of the obturator nerve.
E. posterior division of the obturator nerve.
D. anterior division of the obturator nerve.
. A malignant melanoma (cancer) of the skin covering the buttock is likely to spread via lymphatics to the
A. horizontal group of superficial inguinal nodes.
B. vertical group of superficial inguinal nodes.
C. posterior axillary nodes.
D. popliteal nodes.
E. internal iliac nodes.
A. horizontal group of superficial inguinal nodes.
Lymph from the nail bed of the big toe drains into the
A. horizontal group of superficial inguinal nodes.
B. presacral nodes.
C. popliteal nodes.
D. internal iliac nodes
E. vertical group of superficial inguinal nodes.
E. vertical group of superficial inguinal nodes.
The lateral meniscus of the knee joint
A. has a thick inner border.
B. is strongly attached around its circumference to the tibia.
C. is more frequently torn than the medial meniscus.
D. is strongly attached to the lateral collateral ligament.
E. is attached by its anterior horn to the tibia in front of the intercondylar eminence.
E. is attached by its anterior horn to the tibia in front of the intercondylar eminence.
Lymph from the skin of the lateral side of the foot drains into the
A. popliteal nodes.
B. internal iliac nodes.
C. vertical group of superficial inguinal nodes.
D. horizontal group of superficial inguinal nodes.
E. subsartorial nodes
A. popliteal nodes.
Lymph from the skin of the medial side of the knee drains into the
A. popliteal nodes.
B. vertical group of superficial inguinal nodes.
C. medial group of the horizontal superficial inguinal nodes
D. internal iliac nodes.
E. lateral group of horizontal inguinal nodes.
B. vertical group of superficial inguinal nodes.
Lymph from the skin around the anus drains into the
A. internal iliac nodes.
B. inferior mesenteric nodes.
C. lateral group of horizontal superficial inguinal
nodes.
D. medial group of horizontal superficial inguinal
nodes.
E. vertical group of inguinal nodes.
D. medial group of horizontal superficial inguinal
nodes.
The sciatic nerve enters the gluteal region through which foramen?
A. Posterior sacral B. Greater sciatic C. Anterior sacral D. Lesser sciatic E. Obturator
B. Greater sciatic
The common peroneal nerve can be palpated in which region of the knee?
A. As it winds around the medial side of the neck of the fibula.
B. As it passes around the medial condyle of the tibia.
C. As it winds around the lateral side of the neck of the fibula.
D. As it passes forward between the tibia and the fibula.
E. As it crosses the lateral side of the head of the fibula.
C. As it winds around the lateral side of the neck of the fibula.
If the dorsalis pedis artery is severed just proximal to its
medial and lateral tarsal branches, blood can still reach
the dorsum of the foot through which vessel(s)?
A. The peroneal artery.
B. The posterior tibial artery.
C. The medial plantar artery.
D. The lateral plantar artery.
E. All of the above.
E. All of the above.
In children, the chief arterial supply to the head of the femur is derived from which artery or arteries?
A. The obturator artery.
B. The internal pudendal artery.
C. Branches from the medial and lateral circumflex
femoral arteries.
D. The deep circumflex iliac artery.
E. The superficial circumflex iliac artery.
A. The obturator artery.
Which statement is correct concerning the femoral ring?
A. It is the opening in the deep fascia of the thigh for
the great saphenous vein.
B. It is the opening in the adductor magnus muscle
for the femoral artery.
C. It is the proximal opening in the femoral canal.
D. It is the compartment in the femoral sheath for the
femoral artery.
E. It is the compartment in the femoral sheath for the
femoral nerve.
C. It is the proximal opening in the femoral canal.
To lift the left foot off the ground while walking, which of the following muscles plays an important role? A. The left gluteus medius muscle B. The left gluteus maximus muscle C. The right adductor longus muscle D. The right gluteus medius muscle E. None of the above
D. The right gluteus medius muscle
. Rupture of the tendo calcaneus results in an inability to do what? A. Dorsiflex the foot B. Evert the foot C. Invert the foot D. Plantar flex the foot E. None of the above
D. Plantar flex the foot
39. A sprained ankle resulting from excessive eversion most likely demonstrates that which structure is torn? A. The talofibular ligament B. The tendo calcaneus C. The deltoid ligament D. The interosseous ligament E. The peroneal retinaculum
C. The deltoid ligament
If the foot is permanently dorsiflexed and everted, which nerve might be injured? A. The deep peroneal nerve B. The superficial peroneal nerve C. The common peroneal nerve D. The tibial nerve E. The obturator nerve
D. The tibial nerve
The femoral nerve arises from which of the following segments of the spinal cord? A. L2 and 3 B. L4 and 5 and S1, 2, and 3 C. L2, 3, and 4 D. L1 and 2 E. L5 and S1, 2, and 3
C. L2, 3, and 4
The dermatome present over the lateral side of the foot is which of the following? A. S5 B. L3 C. S1 D. L4 E. L5
C. S1
The femoral sheath is formed by which of the following
layer(s) of fascia?
A. The pectineus fascia
B. The fascia iliaca and the fascia transversalis
C. The fascia lata and the membranous layer of the
superficial fascia
D. The psoas fascia and the fatty layer of superficial
fascia
E. The processus vaginalis
B. The fascia iliaca and the fascia transversalis
Which of the following muscles everts the foot? A. The tibialis posterior muscle B. The flexor hallucis longus muscle C. The peroneus longus muscle D. The tibialis anterior muscle E. The flexor digitorum longus muscle
C. The peroneus longus muscle
Injury to the common peroneal nerve results in which condition? A. Inability to invert the foot B. Inability to plantar flex the ankle C. Inability to feel skin sensation on the medial side of the leg D. Inability to plantar flex the big toe E. Inability to evert the foot
E. Inability to evert the foot
After a lesion of the tibial part of the sciatic nerve, some
active flexion may still be possible at the knee joint; the
muscles responsible for this remaining flexion include
which?
A. The short head of the biceps femoris muscle
B. The gastrocnemius muscle
C. The plantaris muscle
D. The popliteus muscle
E. The long head of the biceps femoris muscle
A. The short head of the biceps femoris muscle.
The biceps femoris muscle is supplied by the terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. The long head receives innervation from it’s tibial division, while the short is innervated by the common fibular division. Both the tibial and common fibular divisions have the same root values (spinal nerves L5, S1 and S2).
. A patient in the supine position with the hip and knee
joints extended is asked to abduct the lower limb
against resistance provided by the physician; this exercise tests which of the following muscles?
A. The semitendinosus muscle
B. The gluteus medius muscle
C. The pectineus muscle
D. The gracilis muscle
E. The semimembranosus muscle
B. The gluteus medius muscle
A femoral hernia has the following characteristics except which?
A. It is more common in women than in men.
B. The swelling occurs below and lateral to the pubic
tubercle.
C. It descends through the femoral canal.
D. Its neck is related immediately laterally to the
femoral artery.
E. Its neck is related medially to the sharp edge of the
lacunar ligament.
D. Its neck is related immediately laterally to the
femoral artery.
The gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles have all the
following features in common except which?
A. They are supplied by the tibial nerve.
B. They are found in the posterior compartment of
the leg.
C. They arise from the femoral condyles and flex the
knee joint.
D. They insert via the tendo calcaneus.
E. They plantar flex the ankle joint.
C. They arise from the femoral condyles and flex the
knee joint.
All the following statements about the sartorius muscle
are correct except which?
A. It flexes the leg at the knee joint.
B. It flexes the thigh at the hip joint.
C. It laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint.
D. It adducts the thigh at the hip joint.
E. It attaches to the anterior superior iliac spine.
D. It adducts the thigh at the hip joint.
The following structures are transmitted through the
lesser sciatic foramen except which?
A. The tendon of the obturator internus muscle
B. The internal pudendal vessels
C. The nerve to the obturator internus muscle
D. The pudendal nerve
E. The inferior gluteal artery
E. The inferior gluteal artery
The following statements regarding the great saphenous
vein are correct except which?
A. It arises on the dorsum of the foot.
B. It enters the leg by passing anterior to the medial
malleolus.
C. It drains into the femoral vein approximately 1.5 in.
(3.8 cm) below and lateral to the pubic tubercle.
D. It is accompanied by the saphenous nerve.
E. It has no communication with the deep veins of
the leg.
E. It has no communication with the deep veins of
the leg.
The following statements regarding the obturator nerve
are correct except which?
A. It originates from the lumbar plexus.
B. It enters the thigh immediately beneath the
inguinal ligament.
C. It innervates the adductor muscles of the thigh.
D. It divides into an anterior and a posterior division.
E. It supplies the skin on the medial side of the thigh.
B. It enters the thigh immediately beneath the
inguinal ligament.
After a football injury, an orthopedic surgeon
noted that the right tibia of the patient could be
m oved anteriorly with excessive freedom when
the knee was flexed.
54. In this patient, which ligament is most likely to be torn?
A. The lateral collateral ligament
B. The posterior cruciate ligament
C. The anterior cruciate ligament
D. The medial collateral ligament
E. The patellar ligament
C. The anterior cruciate ligament
A 69-year-old m an was walking down a flight of steps when he slipped and fell. On im pact, his left foot hit the ground and was forcibly inverted and m edially rotated. He stated that he felt som ething give on the lateral side of the dorsum
of the foot. Though shocked by the fall and the resulting foot pain, he was able to walk hom e. Within 2 h, the left foot and ankle had swollen considerably, which m ade exam ination by his physician difficult. Movem ents of the ankle were clearly possible, but inversion was extrem ely painful. On standing, the patient could bear his body weight without too m uch discom fort. The
physician ordered an anteroposterior and a lateral radiograph of the ankle region, both of which showed nothing abnorm al. This patient was diagnosed as having an acute sprain of the lateral ankle.
55. Which ligament is most likely to have been damaged?
A. The deltoid ligament
B. The anterior talofibular ligament
C. The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
D. The anterior ligament of the inferior tibiofibular
joint
E. The posterior talofibular ligament
B. The anterior talofibular ligament
A 29-year-old wom an was involved in an autom obile accident. Her car skidded into a tree, and
she was thrown forward, striking her right knee
on the dashboard. At exam ination in the em ergency departm ent, she was found to have a posterior fracture dislocation of her right hip joint.
56. What bone or bones are likely to have been fractured?
A. The greater tuberosity of the femur
B. The floor of the acetabulum
C. The posterior rim of the acetabulum and fracture
of the femoral head
D. The lesser trochanter of the femur
E. The anterior inferior iliac spine
C. The posterior rim of the acetabulum and fracture of the femoral head
A 29-year-old wom an was involved in an autom obile accident. Her car skidded into a tree, and
she was thrown forward, striking her right knee
on the dashboard. At exam ination in the em ergency departm ent, she was found to have a posterior fracture dislocation of her right hip joint.
What anatomic structure is likely to be compromised in
a hip dislocation of this type?
A. The tendon of obturator internus
B. The sciatic nerve
C. The quadratus femoris muscle
D. The gluteus maximus muscle
E. The superior gluteal nerve
B. The sciatic nerve
