Lower Limb

Question 1

name some bony features of the proximal femur

Answer 1

greater and lesser trochanters
intertrochanteric line (anterior)
intertrochanteric crest (posterior)
femoral neck
femoral head

Question 2

what is the femoral head covered in

Answer 2

articular cartilage except for the fovea capitis

Question 3

3 bony features on posterior proximal femur

Answer 3

pectineal line
gluteal tuberosity
linea aspira

Question 4

what structures pass through the greater sciatic foramen

Answer 4

internal pudendal vessels
sciatic nerve
pudendal nerve

Question 5

what structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen

Answer 5

internal pudendal vessels
pudendal nerve

Question 6

what structures pass under the inguinal ligament

Answer 6

the femoral nerve
the femoral artery
the femoral vein

Question 7

what is the fascia lata

Answer 7

a thick layer of deep fascia that completely surrounds the thigh

Question 8

what is the opening of the fascia lata and its contents

Answer 8

the saphenous opening which contains the lymphatic vessels and great saphenous vein

Question 9

what is the iliotibial tract

Answer 9

a thickening of the fascia lata

Question 10

name the superficial gluteal muscles

Answer 10

gluteus maximus, medius, minimus, tensor fascia lata

Question 11

name the deep muscles of the gluteal compartment

Answer 11

piriformis, superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, quadratus femoris

Question 12

name the four quadriceps muscles

Answer 12

rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermediu

Question 13

name the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

Answer 13

adductor, longus, magnus, brevis, gracilis, pectineus, and obturator externus

Question 14

name the hamstring muscles

Answer 14

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Question 15

femoral triangle contents (lat - med)

Answer 15

femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein

Question 16

what are the borders of the femoral triangle

Answer 16

the inguinal ligament
floor: pectineus, adductor longus, iliopsoas
apex is continuous with the adductor canal

Question 17

what structure in the femoral triangle is NOT in the femoral sheath

Answer 17

femoral nerve

Question 18

what structures pass through the adductor canal

Answer 18

the femoral triangle, the femoral vein, saphenous nerve and nerve to vastus medialis as well as lymphatics

Question 19

what does the obturator artery branch from and what does it supply

Answer 19

the internal iliac artery; supplies the medial compartment of the thigh

Question 20

what does the inferior gluteal artery branch from

Answer 20

the internal iliac artery

Question 21

what is the femoral artery a continuation of?

Answer 21

the external iliac artery

Question 22

describe the course of the femoral artery

Answer 22

enters the femoral triangle, adductor canal, popliteal artery posterior to knee.
branches include profunda femoris and lateral and medial circumflex femoral branches

Question 23

describe the venous drainage of the lower limb

Answer 23

dorsal venous arch → lateral marginal vein → small saphenous vein → popliteal vein → femoral vein
dorsal venous arch → medial marginal vein → great saphenous vein → femoral vein

Question 24

what two veins contribute to the popliteal vein

Answer 24

the anterior and posterior tibial veins

Question 25

what are the two main branches of the sacral plexus

Answer 25

the sciatic nerve and the pudendal nerve

Question 26

what are the two main branches of the lumbar plexus

Answer 26

the femoral nerve and the obturator nerve

Question 27

two branches of the sciatic nerve

Answer 27

the tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

Question 28

what do the condyles of the femur articulate with

Answer 28

the tibial plateau

Question 29

what neurovascular structure winds posterior to the fibular head

Answer 29

the common fibular nerve

Question 30

which tibial plateau is more commonly fractured

Answer 30

the lateral tibial plateau

Question 31

what tendon is the patella embedded in

Answer 31

the quadriceps tendon

Question 32

what does the medial meniscus attach to

Answer 32

the medial collateral ligament

Question 33

what connects the medial and lateral menisci

Answer 33

the transverse ligament

Question 34

what are menisci made of

Answer 34

fibrocartilage

Question 35

what is the function of the menisci

Answer 35

absorb compressive forces, lubricate, aid symmetrical pressure distribution

Question 36

what % of the menisci are vascularised

Answer 36

the outer 20%

Question 37

what forms the pes anserinus

Answer 37

the conjoined tendons of sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus

Question 38

what are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa

Answer 38

the posterior thigh muscles 2 heads of gastrocnemius roof is skin, fascia, small saphenous vein

Question 39

popliteal fossa contents from lateral to medial

Answer 39

tibial nerve, popliteal vein, popliteal artery. common fibular nerve travels lateral to fossa

Question 40

what branches does the popliteal fossa give off

Answer 40

anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Question 41

list components of the ankle joint

Answer 41

the distal fibula and tibia, the talus

Question 42

name tarsal bones

Answer 42

talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneform

Question 43

function of the anterior leg muscles

Answer 43

extension of ankle and digits

Question 44

function of posterior compartment of leg

Answer 44

plantarflexion, flexion of ankle

Question 45

function of lateral compartment muscles

Answer 45

eversion of the foot

Question 46

contents of tarsal tunnel anterior to posterior

Answer 46

Tom, Dick, And Very Naughty Harry Tibialis posterior tendon, flexor digitorum longus muscle tendon, posterior tibial artery, tibial nerve, tendon of flexor hallicus longus

Question 47

what is the plantar aponeurosis

Answer 47

thick deep fascia

Question 48

describe the arterial supply of the leg

Answer 48

popliteal artery → anterior and posterior tibial arteries anterior tibial artery → interosseus membrane → anterior leg and dorsum of foot posterior tibial artery → posterior and lateral leg, continues into the sole of the foot fibular artery is a branch of the posterior tibial artery

Question 49

describe the arteries of the foot

Answer 49

the dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of anterior tibial artery, passes inferiorly as deep plantar artery posterior tibial artery → tarsal tunnel → medial and lateral plantar arteries, forms plantar arch and supplies plantar aspect of foot

Question 50

damage to what nerve can result in foot drop

Answer 50

damage to the common fibular nerve can cause paralysis of muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg due to unopposed action of muscles in the posterior compartment