The Upper Limb

Question 1

name components of the shoulder complex

Answer 1

scapula, clavicle, acromion, coracoid, humerus

Question 2

two joints with the clavicle

Answer 2

sternoclavicular joint (medially)
acromioclavicular joint (laterally)

Question 3

space between greater and lesser tubercle of humerus

Answer 3

intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove

Question 4

what structures pass in the radial groove of the humerus (posteriorly)

Answer 4

the radial nerve and deep brachial artery

Question 5

what is the glenoid labrum

Answer 5

a fibrocartilagenous rim around the glenoid cavity

Question 6

what provides the glenohumeral joint with joint stability?

Answer 6

the rotator cuff muscles
long head of biceps brachii
extracapsular ligaments

Question 7

name the rotator cuff muscles

Answer 7

SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

Question 8

in what direction do 95% of glenohumeral joint dislocations occur

Answer 8

almost 95% occur anteriorly

Question 9

what is the most frequently injured tendon of the rotator cuff muscles and why

Answer 9

the supraspinatus muscle tendon as it can be impinged underneath the acromioclavicular joint

Question 10

name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm

Answer 10

biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis

Question 11

name the muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm

Answer 11

the triceps brachii

Question 12

when does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery

Answer 12

when it passes the lateral margin of rib 1

Question 13

when does the axillary artery become the brachial artery

Answer 13

when the axillary artery passes the inferior margin of the teres major muscle

Question 14

describe the course of the venous drainage of the upper limb

Answer 14

cephalic vein (lateral side) and basilic vein (medial side) communicate via the median cubital vein. both join the brachial vein.
deep veins drain into the brachial veins also

Question 15

when does the brachial vein become the axillary vein

Answer 15

the cephalic vein pierces the clavico-pectoral fascia it becomes the axillary vein

Question 16

when does the axillary vein become the subclavian vein

Answer 16

when it passes rib 1

Question 17

name in order or lateral to medial, the branches of the brachial plexus

Answer 17

MARMU
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar

Question 18

name the part of the elbow/distal humerus that articulates with the radial head

Answer 18

the capitulum

Question 19

name the part of the elbow/distal humerus that articulates with the ulna

Answer 19

the trochlea

Question 20

which bone in the elbow joint has a coronoid process that articulates with the coronoid process

Answer 20

the coronoid process of the proximal ulna articulates with the coronoid fossa of the distal humerus

Question 21

what ligament encircles the radial head

Answer 21

the annular ligament

Question 22

what is another name for the anterior compartment of the forearm

Answer 22

the flexor compartment

Question 23

what is another name for the posterior compartment of the forearm

Answer 23

the extensor compartment

Question 24

where does the brachial artery split?

Answer 24

at the apex of the cubital fossa

Question 25

what are the two main branches of the brachial arteries

Answer 25

the radial and ulnar arteries

Question 26

describe the course of the radial artery

Answer 26

originates from the brachial artery at the neck of the radius, down lateral forearm, anatomical snuffbox, postero-lateral hand b/w metacarpals 1 and 2

Question 27

describe the course of the ulnar artery

Answer 27

goes down the medial forearm, branches include common interosseus artery which has anterior and posterior branches

Question 28

describe the course of the radial nerve

Answer 28

the radial nerve passes posteriorly in the arm, then anteriorly over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, then lateral to the cubital fossa

Question 29

describe the course of the median nerve

Answer 29

enters the arm at the axilla, passes immediately lateral to the brachial artery, then crosses medially and lies anterior to the elbow joint

Question 30

describe the course of the ulnar artery

Answer 30

the ulnar artery passes medially to the brachial artery in the upper arm, mid-arm it enters the posterior compartment, passes posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus

Question 31

what are the boundaries of the cubital fossa

Answer 31

lateral: brachioradialis medial: pronator teres roof: skin, fascia, bicipital aponeurosis base: imaginary line b/w medial and lateral humeral epicondyles

Question 32

contents lateral to medial of cubital fossa

Answer 32

the tendon of biceps brachii brachial artery median nerve

Question 33

where in relation to the cubital fossa is the median cubital vein

Answer 33

the median cubital vein lies superficially in the roof of the cubital fossa

Question 34

what carpal bones does the radius articulate with

Answer 34

scaphoid lunate triquetrum

Question 35

proximal carpal bones

Answer 35

scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform

Question 36

distal carpal bones

Answer 36

hamate capitate trapezoid trapezium

Question 37

what is the purpose of the retinacula

Answer 37

holds tendons to the bone and prevents bowstringing

Question 38

what is the palmar aponeurosis

Answer 38

a triangular deep fascia that covers the palm

Question 39

what tendon is the apex of the palmar aponeurosis continuous with?

Answer 39

the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle

Question 40

what are the contents of the carpal tunnel

Answer 40

4 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus 4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis tendon of flexor pollicis longus median nerve

Question 41

what is Guyon's canal

Answer 41

a fibro-osseus tunnel b/w pisiform and hook of hamate

Question 42

what are the contents of Guyon's canal

Answer 42

ulnar artery, ulnar nerve and vein

Question 43

borders of the anatomical snuff box

Answer 43

lateral: abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons medial border: extensor pollicis longus tendon floor: scaphoid, trapezium, distal tendons ext carpi radialis

Question 44

contents of the anatomical snuff box

Answer 44

radial artery cephalic vein

Question 45

describe the arterial supply to the hand

Answer 45

2 interconnected vascular arches, superficial and deep in the palm radial artery: thumb and lateral index finger ulnar artery: medial index finger and remaining digits

Question 46

what nerve innervates the muscle of the anterior compartment of the arm

Answer 46

musculocutaneous nerve

Question 47

what nerve innervates most of the forearm flexors

Answer 47

the median nerve

Question 48

what muscles does the radial nerve innervate

Answer 48

the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm and the forearm

Question 49

what does the ulnar nerve innervate

Answer 49

most intrinsic hand muscles

Question 50

what neurovascular structures can be damaged in a surgical neck fracture of the humerus

Answer 50

the axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery

Question 51

what neurovascular structures can be damaged in humeral shaft fractures

Answer 51

the radial nerve

Question 52

what neurovascular structures can be damaged in a supracondylar fracture

Answer 52

the radial and ulnar nerves, and the brachial artery

Question 53

what nerve can be damaged from medial epicondyle trauma

Answer 53

the ulnar nerve

Question 54

what nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 54

the median nerve

Question 55

what adverse outcomes can occur from a hamate fracture

Answer 55

a hamate fracture can result in non-union of the bone, the ulnar nerve can also be damaged, reducing grip strength of the hand