lower limb Flashcards
(533 cards)
1
Q
what is the primary function of the hip joint
A
weight bear
2
Q
what joins the pelvic girdle anteriorly and posteriorly
A
anterior - pubic symphis
posterior - sacroiliac joints
3
Q
what are most trauma patients assumed to have
A
pelvic fracture
4
Q
what are the 2 muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg
A
fibulas longus and brevis
5
Q
what forms the floor of the popliteal fossa
A
knee joint capsule / posterior surface of femur
6
Q
where is shentons line (fractured neck of femur)
A
medial edge of the femoral neck and the inferior edge of the superior pubic ramus
7
Q
what parts of the femur form the know joint
A
medial and lateral condyles
8
Q
where does the external iliac become the femoral artery
A
under inguinal ligament entering removing triangle
mid ASIS and pubic symphis
9
Q
what are the dynamic soft tissue constraints of the knee
A
quadriceps, hamstrings, medial and lateral gastrocnemius, popliteus
10
Q
what muscle does the fibular nerve supply directly
A
short head of the biceps femoris
superficial - lateral compartment, deep - anterior compartment
11
Q
what lies between the tibia and the fibula
A
interosseous membrane
12
Q
which surface of the ilium provides attachment of the gluteal muscles
A
external surface
13
Q
what nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris
A
femoral nerve
14
Q
what is the innervation of the flexor digitorum longus
A
tibial nerve
15
Q
what is the function of the iliofemoral ligament
A
prevents hyperextension of hip joint
16
Q
what does the sacrospinous ligament run between
A
sacrum to ischial spine
forms greater sciatic foramen
17
Q
what is the most common vein to have varicose veins
A
great saphenous
18
Q
what is the innervation of the piriformis
A
nerve to piriformis
19
Q
what are the actions of the sartorius
A
flex, abduct and rotate hip
flex knee
20
Q
does the sciatic nerve have a direct sensory function
A
no - but terminal common fibular and fibular do
21
Q
how does varicose veins occur
A
incompetent valves in the deep veins cause blood to flow back into the superficial veins, increasing intra-luminal pressure causing them to become dilated and torturous
22
Q
what are the deep muscles of the posterior leg
A
popliteus
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
23
Q
what test is performed to assess the anterior cruciate ligament
A
anterior drawer test - pull tibia forwards and if it moves the ligament is torn
24
Q
what is the only muscle of the deep posterior compartment of the leg to act on the knee
A
popliteus
25
what muscle does the lumbar plexus sit in
psoas major on posterior abdominal wall
26
what type of joint is the hip
synovial ball and socket
27
what makes the hip joint more stable than the shoulder
multi-axial
| deeper socket
28
what are the anterior and posterior margins of the iliac crest
ASIS - anterior superior iliac spine
| PSIS - posterior superior iliac spine
29
what are the 3 different bones of the foot
tarsals
metatarsal - connect phalanges to tarsals
phalanges - toes
30
what 2 bones articulate in the subtalar joint
calcaneus (superior surface) and
| talus (inferior surface)
31
how will damage to the fibular nerve present
foot drop - lose ability to dorsiflex foot at the ankle joint foot permanently plantar flexed
loss of sensation over dorsal of foot and lateral side of leg
32
what is the innervation of the semimembranosus
tibial part of sciatic nerve
33
what are the actions of the popliteus
laterally rotates femur on the tibia - unlocking the knee joint in extension
34
what are the 3 main groups of deep lymph nodes in the lower leg
anterior tibial, posterior tibial , fibular
35
what are the actions of the tibialis posterior
inverts and plantar flexes the foot
| maintains medial arch of foot
36
what muscles medially rotate the knee
semimembranous, semitendinous, graciles, sartorius, popliteus
37
what passes through the obturator foramen
obturator nerve, artery and vein
38
what spinal roots are tested by the calcanea tendon reflex
S1-2
39
what are the attachments of flexor hallucis longus
posterior surface of fibula to plantar surface of phalanx of the great toe
40
what is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament
prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur
41
what hole does the obturator nerve pass through on the lateral wall
obturator foramen
42
what joint joins the left and right hip bones
pubic symphis
43
what is the action of the posterior leg muscles
plantar flex and invert the foot
44
what does the obturator nerve terminate as
pierces fascia lata to become cutaneous branch of obturator nerve
45
what is the function of the collateral knee ligaments
stabilise hinge motion of knee - preventing excessive medial or lateral movement
46
what are the main functions of the pelvis
transfer weight from upper axial skeleton to lower
attatchment of muscles and ligaments
protects pelvic viscera
47
what are the attachments of the rectus femoris
originates from ilium just superior to acetabulum
runs straight down leg
attaches to patella by quadriceps femoris tendon
48
what is the longest muscle in the body
sartorius
49
what type of joint is the distal tibio-fibular joint
syndesmosis fibrous joint
50
what is the innervation of the pectineus
femoral nerve
| - may also receive a branch from obturator nerve
51
what is the superior border of the femoral triangle
inguinal ligament (runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle)
52
what muscle attaches to the lesser trochanter
illiopsoas
53
where does the long head of the biceps femoris originate
ischial tuberosity of pelvis
54
which of the tibia and fibula is more lateral
fibula
55
where is the lateral ligament of the ankle
lateral malleolus - 3 ligs to tibia, talus, calcaneus
56
what is the primary action of the medial ligament
resist over-eversion of the foot
57
what is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament
precent anterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur and hyperextension of the knee
58
what binds the tibia and fib together
interosseous membrane
59
what layer of plantar muscles do the tendon os flexor digitorum longus pass through
2nd
60
what is a strangulated hernia
hernia with a compromised blood supply (compressing on vessel)
61
what is the appearance of the plantaris
mostly long tendon
62
what is the common function of the 2 muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg
eversion - turning the sole of the foot outwards
| also weakly plantar flex the ankle joint
63
what may occur if there is damage to the medial circumflex femoral artery
avascular necrosis of the femoral head
64
what 2 muscles make up the iliopsoas
psoas major
| iliacus
65
what are the attachments of the iliopsoas
psoas major- lumbar vertebrae
iliacus - iliac fossa
to lesser trochanter of femur
66
what are dynamic factors that maintain the integrity of the foot arches
intrinsic muscles of the foot
long flexor tendons
tendon of tibialis anterior and fibularis longus
67
what is the largest nerve in the body
sciatic nerve - 2cm wide
68
which is the largest, most superficial of the gluteal muscles
gluteus maximus
69
what branch of the femoral artery is given off in the femoral triangle
profunda femoris
70
which is the most lateral of the hamstrings
```
biceps femoris
(then semitendonous)
```
71
what is fascia defined as
sheet or band of fibrous tissue lying deep to the skin that lines, invests and separates structures within the body
72
what are the attachments of the anterior cruciate ligament
anterior intercondylar region of tibia to intercondylar fossa of femur
73
where is the dorsalis pedis pulse best felt
dorsal of foot lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon
74
what is the innervation of the gluteus minimis
superior gluteal nerve
75
what nerve innervates all medial thigh muscles
obturator nerve (L2-4)
76
what are the attachments of the tibialis posterior
interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula (posterior)
posterior to medial malleolus
plantar surface of medial tarsal bones
77
what are the actions of extensor digitorum longus
extension of the lateral 4 toes
| dorsiflexion of the foot
78
what are the attachments of the piriformis
anterior surface of sacrum
through greater sciatic foramen
greater trochanter of femur
79
what nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg
superficial fibular nerve (L4-S1)
80
where does the popliteal artery birfucate
lower border of popliteus
81
what are the 3 parts of the hip bone
ilium
pubis
ischium
82
what is a patents true leg length measured between
ASIS to medial malleolus
83
what is the action of the flexor hallucis longus
flexes great toe
84
what are the actions of the gastrocnemius
plantar flexes at the ankle joint
| flex knee
85
who sustains most neck of femur fractures
elderly population with osteoporotic bones after low energy fall
86
what are the attachments of the medial (tibial) collateral ligament
medial epicondyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia
87
what is the major articulation of the knee joint
femoral condyles
| tibial platueau - in between the medial and lateral condyles of tibia
88
what is the innervation of the each part of the adductor magnus
adductor - obturator nerve
| hamstring - tibial component of sciatic nerve
89
what are the actions of the gemelli
lateral rotation and abduction
90
where do all the superficial muscles of the posterior leg insert
calcaneus of the foot (heel bone) via the calcanea tendon
91
what 3 things unite on the posterior surface of the knee to form the popliteal vein
anterior tibial vein
posterior tibial vein
fibular vein
92
how would you test the power of the tibias anterior
ask patient to stand on heel
93
list the tarsal bones
```
talus
calcaneus
navicular
cuboid
3 cuneiforms
```
94
what are the attachments of extensor digitorum brevis
calcaneus to long extensor tendons of four lateral digits
95
what movements can happen at the ankle
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
96
what arteries supply the gluteal region
superior and inferior gluteal - branches of internal iliac
97
why does a popliteal artery aneurysm impact the other structures in the fossa
popliteal fascia is tough and non-extensible
| e.g. tibial nerve
98
which bones of the foot articulate with the metatarsals (tarsi-metatarsal joint)
cuboid and 3 cuneiforms
99
what is the main action of the superficial gluteal muscles
abduct and extend the femur at the hip joint
100
what is the sensory function of the tibial nerve
via sural nerve - posterolateral leg + lateral side of foot
| sole of the foot - medial calcaneal branches, medial and lateral plantar nerve
101
where do the superficial inguinal nodes receive lymph from
penis, scrotum, perineum, buttock and abdominal wall
102
what side of the leg is the small saphenous vein
posterior
103
what is pes planus
flat foot - loss of longitudinal arches
104
where is the femoral pulse felt
midway between pubic symphis and anterior superior iliac spine (mid inguinal point)
105
why can pain from the knee be referred to the hip and vice versa
innervated by the sciatic, femoral and obturator nerves
106
what direction does the sartorius run down the thigh in
inferomedial
107
what are the attachments of semimembranosus
```
ischial tuberosity (superior to biceps femoris/ semitendonosus)
medial tibial condyle
```
108
how do the deep gluteal muscles help to stabilise the hip joint
pull femoral head into acetabulum
109
what muscle does the sciatic nerve enter the gluteal region directly inferior to
piriformis
110
what is the point of an adductor canal block with LA
sensory anaesthesia for procedures involving the distal things and femur, knee and lower medial side
111
what movements are possible at the hip joint
flexion, extension
abduction, adduction
lateral rotation, medial rotation
112
what is the innervation of extensor hallucis brevis
deep fibular nerve
113
what is the innervation of the fibularis longus
superficial fibular nerve
114
where is the adductor canal
thigh, extends from apex of femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus of the adductor magnus (15cm long)
115
what are the 3 muscles in the 1st layer of plantar foot muscles
abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi
116
what does the head of the femur articulate with
acetabulum of pelvis
117
what is the fascia lata
deep fascial investment of the whole thigh musculature and is analogous to a strong, extensible and elasticated stocking
118
what are the 4 main pulse points in the lower limb
femoral
popliteal
posterior tibial
dorsalis pedis
119
what are the actions of tensor fascia lata
flex, abduct and internal rotate the hip
| tenses fascia lata
120
what are the attachments of the posterior cruciate ligament
posterior intercondylar region of tibia to anteromedial femoral condyle
121
what tissue in the ls a popular choice for transplantation
facia late
| well vascularised, high concentration of connective tissue fibres
122
what muscles in the gluteal region does the sciatic nerve cross
superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, quadratus femoris
(enters posterior thigh bu passing deep to long head of biceps femoris)
123
which of the ankle ligaments is known as the deltoid ligament
medial
124
what is a complication if an intracapsular hip joint fracture
avascular necrosis - medial femoral circumflex artery damaged
125
what foramen doest the sciatic nerve enter the gluteal region through
greater sciatic foramen
126
what are the most superficial contents of the popliteal fossa
tibial and common fibular nerve (branches of the sciatic nerve)
127
what can the superficial lymphatic vessels of the legs be divided into
medial - follow great saphenous vein to sub inguinal nodes
| lateral - small saphenous to popliteal nodes
128
what is the innervation of the soleus
tibial nerve
129
what are the muscles in the posterior aspect of the thigh
hamstrings - biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimebranous
130
is the ankle joint more stable in dorsiflexion or plantarflexion
dorsiflexion
| malleolar grip stronger as anterior talus held
131
what is the innervation of the tibias anterior
deep fibular nerve
132
what is the first major branch of the lumbar plexus
iliohypogastric nerve (L1) - innervates internal obliques and transverses abdominaux
133
what are the attatchments of gracilis
inferior pubic rami to medial surface of tibia
134
what is the innervation of the fibularis brevis
superficial fibular nerve
135
what is the order of the structures behind the medial malleolus from anterior to posterior
```
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
posterior tibial artery
posterior tibial vein
tibial nerve
flexor hallucis longus
```
136
what 3 things are involved in the unhappy triad of the knee
medial collateral ligament rupture
medial meniscus tear
ACL tear
137
what are the contents of the femoral triangle lateral to medial
femoral nerve
femoral artery
femoral vein
NAV Y VAN
138
what 2 nerves innervate all the muscles in the plantar aspect of the foot
medial plantar or lateral plantar nerve (both branches of tibial nerve)
139
what covers the head of the femur giving it a smooth surface
articular cartilage
140
what is the bony projection on the medial distal tibia
medial malleolus
141
what is the fascial compartment in the femoral triangle
femoral sheath
142
what are the actions of the piriformis
lateral rotation
| abduction
143
what is the function of the posterior and anterior sacroiliac ligaments
connect spine to pelvis
144
which ligament creates the greater sciatic foramen
sacrospinous
145
what is the innervation of extensor digitorum brevis
deep fibular nerve
146
what are the actions of the pectineus
adduction and flexion at the hip joint
147
what forms the roof of the popliteal fossa
popliteal fascia and skin
148
what is the innervation of the superior gemelli
nerve to obturator internus
149
what does the femoral vein change into at the adductor hiatus
popliteal vein
150
what are the 4 signs of osteoarthritis of the knee
osteophytes
loss of joint space
subchondral cysts
subchondral sclerosis
151
which muscles does the obturator nerve innervate (L2-4)
medial compartment of the thigh - adductor longus/ magnus/ brevis, gracilis, obturator externus
152
what are the actions of the tibialis anterior
dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot
153
what 4 bursa communicate with the knee
suprapatellar
prepatella
infra patella
semimembranous (posterior)
154
what connects the greater and less trochanter of the femur anteriorly
intertrochanteric line
155
what is the only part of the head of femur not covered in articular cartilage
fovea for the ligament of the head of femur
156
what are the static soft tissue constraints of the knee
```
collateral ligaments
cruciate ligament
capsule
meniscii
ITB
```
157
how many phalanges are in each foot
14
| 3 on each toe and 2 on big toe
158
what are the superficial muscles in the gluteal region (abductors and extensors)
glut maximus
glut medius
glut minimis
tensor fascia lata
159
what are the attachments of the obturator externus
membrane of obturator foramen
passes under neck of femur
attaches to greater trochanter
160
which of the ankle ligaments is weaker
lateral
161
which muscle divides the gluteal region into superior and inferior
piriformis - through greater sciatic foramen
162
which surface of the ilium has the iliac fossa
inner surface
| concave shave, illiacus muscle
163
what are the 2 parts of the adductor magnsu muscle
adductor and hamstring
164
what shape is the gluteus medius
fan shaped
| lies between gluteus medium and minimis
165
what does the inferior ischial ramus combine with to got the ischiopubic ramus
inferior pubic ramus
166
what are the actions of the anterior compartment of the leg
dorsiflex and invert the foot at the ankle joint
167
where on the fibula would you find the common fibular nerve
posterior and lateral surface
168
where is the soleus in relation to the gastrocnemius
deep
169
what is the main extensor of the knee
quadriceps femoris
170
what is the obturator artery a branch of
internal iliac artery
171
what muscles extend the knee
quadriceps femoris
172
what are the attachments of the plantaris
lateral supracondylar line of the femur
| tendon runs down leg between gastrocnemius and soleus to calcaneal tendon
173
what are the 2 major causes of a swelling in the popliteal fossa
bakers cyst
| popliteal artery aneurysm
174
when does the popliteal vein become the femoral vein
adductor canal
175
what is the function of the pubofemoral ligament
prevents excessive abduction and extension
176
what are the roots of the obturator nerve
L2, 3, 4
177
which is more prominent, the lateral or medial malleolus
lateral
178
why is the femoral artery suitable for procedures such as coronary angiography
located superficially within the femoral triangle so is easy to access
179
what nerve innervates the skin of of the gluteal region
iliohypogastric
180
what is the subtler joint between
talus and calcaneus
181
where is the pubofemoral ligament
superior pubic rami and intertrochanteric line of femur, reinforcing the capsule anteriorly and inferiorly
182
what do the quadriceps femurs attach to distally
form patella tendon that attaches to the patella
183
what are the attachments of the fibularis brevis
inferolateral surface of the fibular shaft - tendon joins with fibular longus into foot
posterior to lateral malleolus to tubercle on metatarsal V
184
what is the iliotibial tract
longitudinal thickening of the fascia lata - strengthened posteriorly bu fibres from the gluteus maximus
185
what is the superolateral border of the popliteal fossa
biceps femoris
186
is the fibula part of the knee joint
no
187
what muscles does the sciatic foramen innervate
tibial - posterior compartment of thigh, posterior compartment of leg, sole of foot
common fibular - short head of biceps femoris, anterior and lateral compartments of leg and extensor digitorum brevis
188
what prevents the pelvis from dropping each time a limb is lifted off the ground
contraction of the contralateral abductors
189
what are features of a tibial nerve compression
weakened or absent plantar flexion
| paraesthesia of foot and posterolateral leg
190
what are the 3 main extra capsular ligaments of the hip joint
iliofemoral (y shape, strongest)
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral
191
when do the arches of the foot usually develop
at 2-3
| babies have flat feet + subcutaneous fat
192
where does the biceps femoris tendon insert
head of fibula
193
what muscles adduct the hip joint
adductor longus/ brevis/ magnus
| pectineus, gracilis, obturator externus
194
what part of the calcaneus bone does the achilles tendon attach to
calcanea tuberosity
195
what is the difference in the innervation of the heads of the biceps femoris
long - tibial part of sciatic nerve
| short - common fibular part of sciatic nerve
196
what is the innervation of the gluteus maximus
inferior gluteal nerve
197
what is the innervation of the inferior gemelli
nerve to quadratus femoris
198
what tendon does the common fibular nerve follow
biceps femoris tendon
199
what is the innervation of the tibialis posterior
tibial nerve
200
what is the socket made by the tibia and fibula that connects to the talus called
mortise
201
what is the only bone in the thigh
femur
202
where do the extrinsic muscles of the foot arise
anterior, lateral and posterior compartments of the leg - mainly responsible for eversion, inversion, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
203
which of the ankle ligaments is weaker
lateral
| resists inversion so more likely to be damaged
204
what are the two facets on the posterior surface of the patella and what do they articulate with
medial facet - medial condyle of femur
| lateral facet - lateral condyle of femur
205
where does the sciatic nerve birfucate
apex of popliteal fossa
206
what is a characteristic sign of damage to the superior gluteal nerve
trendelenburg sign
207
what ligament attaches to the intertrochanteric line
iliofemoral ligament
208
what are the attachments of the abductor hallucis
medial tubercle of calcaneus
| proximal phalanx of big toe
209
is the flexor digitorum longus longer then flexor hallucis longus
no
210
what is the action of the hamstrings
extend hip
| flex knee
211
what increases the range go flexion of the hip joint
knee flexed
| relaxed hamstring muscles
212
what is an anatomical landmark for the common fibular nerve
fibularis longus - small space where the muscle originates from the head and the neck of the fibula
213
what is the sensory function of the ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
supplies skin on upper middle thigh
males - root of penis, anterior scrotum
females - mons pubis, labia majora
214
what is the innervation of the flexor hallucis longus
tibial nerve
215
which is the most common way for the hip to be displaced
posterior
| affected limb becomes shortened and medially rotated
216
what is the action of the talus
transmit forces from the tibia to the calcaneus
217
what is the dermatome of the little toe
S1
218
what indentation is there on the posterior side of the ilium
greater sciatic notch
219
where is the greater trochanter of the femur
most lateral projection of bone
| anterior aspect , just lateral to neck
220
what muscles does the superficial fibular nerve innervate
lateral compartment of the leg - fibularis longus and brevis
221
what are the actions of the foot lumbricals
flex at metatarsophalangeal joint
| extend interphalangeal joint
222
what muscle does the sacral plexus sit anterior to
piriformis
223
what vein does the small saphenous vein empty into
popliteal vein - in popliteal fossa
224
what 2 joints does the gracilis muscle cross
hip and knee
225
where does the small saphenous vein empty into the popliteal vein
popliteal fossa - pierces popliteal fascia
226
what is the innervation of the adductor longus, magnus and brevis
obturator nerver L2-4
227
what is the action of the adductor longus
adduction of the thigh
228
what is the action of flexor digitorum longus
flexes lateral 4 toes
229
what is the RICE protocol for treating muscle strain
rest, ice, compression, elevation
230
what would be seen in damage to the tibial nerve
loss of plantar flexion
loss of toe flexion
weakened inversion - tibialis anterior can still weakly invert
231
where does the great saphenous vein terminate
drains into femoral vein immediately inferior to inguinal ligament
232
what are the 3 main articulations of the hip joint
sacroiliac joint - sacrum
pubic symphis -
hip joint - head of femur
233
what injury sustains a calcaneal tendon rupture
forceful plantar flexion of the foot
234
what is the bony projection at the distal lateral surface of the fibula
lateral malleolus
235
what would happen to the knee if you removed a menisci
become arthritic
236
what are the attatchments of extensor hallucis longus
medial surface of fibular shaft
| tendon attaches to base of distal phalanx of the big toe
237
what is enclosed by the superior and inferior pubic rami
obturator foramen
238
what is the sensory function of the common fibular portion of the sciatic nerve
skin on anterolateral surface of leg and dorsal aspect of foot
239
what ligament supports the contents of the femoral triangle during flexion of the hip
inguinal ligament
240
what is the deepest muscle in the deep compartment of the leg
tibialis posterior
241
what are the actions of obturator externus
adduction and lateral rotation of thigh
242
what is the lateral border of the femoral triangle
medial border of sartorius
243
what forms the roof of the femoral triangle
fascia lata
244
what nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh
femoral nerve (L2-4)
245
what is the action of the semitendonous
flex leg at knee joint
extension of thigh at hip
medially rotates thigh at hip joint and leg at knee joint =
246
what is the innervation of the fibulas tertius
deep fibular nerve
247
which muscle does the semitendonous cover most of
semimembranous
248
what are the attachments of the gluteus maximus
gluteal (posterior surface) of ilium. sacrum and coccyx
| to iliotibila tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur
249
what are the attachments of extensor hallucis brevis
calcaneus to proximal phalanx of great toe
250
what are the actions of the extensor hallucis longus
extension of great toe
| dorsiflexion of foot
251
what is the innervation of the sartorius
femoral nerve
252
what is the innervation of the gluteus medius
superior gluteal nerve
253
what are the actions of the quadratus plantae
assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits
254
is the medial or lateral epicondyle of the knee bigger
medial
255
what part of the hip bone is most inferior/ posterior
ischium
256
what forms the floor of the femoral triangle
pectinous, iliopsoas and adductor longus muscles
257
what is the femoral artery a continuation of
external iliac artery
258
what are the attachments of fibulas tertius
originates with extensor digitorum longus then tenon attaches to metatarsal V
259
what is the course of the pudendal nerve in the pelvis
leaves through the greater sciatic foramen and re-enters through the lesser sciatic foramen
260
what is the innervation of the popliteus
tibial nerve
261
where does each section of the adductor magnus arise
adductor - inferior rami of pubis to linea aspera of femur
| hamstring - ischial tuberosity to adductor tubercle of femur
262
what is a positive trendelenburg sign
patient asked to stand unassisted on each leg - pelvis drops on unsupported leg
(see at level of iliac crests)
263
what divisions form the sacral plexus
anterior rami of S1,2,3,4
| some L4 and L5
264
what are the attachments of flexor digitorum longus
medial surface of the tibia to plantar surface of lateral 4 digits
265
what is the only intracapsular ligament of the hip joint
ligament of head of femur - runs form acetabulum to fovea of femur
encloses artery of head of femur
266
what is the sensory function of the obturator nerve (L2-4)
innervates skin over medial thigh
267
which muscles plantarflex the ankle joint
posterior compartment of the leg - gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior
268
what does foot eversion and inversion help walking on
uneven ground
269
what muscles flex the knee
hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius, poplitues
270
what are the actions of the gluteus maximus
extensor of thigh
| lateral rotation
271
where can you palpate the tendons of EDL
dorsal surface of foot
272
where is the lesser trochanter of the femur
posterior, medial side
| inferior to neck-shaft junction
273
what muscles flex the hip joint
```
iliopsoas
rectus femoris
sartorius
pectineus
tensor fascia lata
gracilis
```
274
what are the attatchments of the soleus muscles
soleal line of the tibia
| calcaneal tendon
275
where are the superficial veins of the leg located
subcutaneous tissue
276
what part of the pubic bones form the acetabulum
superior pubic ramus
277
what are the actions of the soleus muscle
plantar flex foot at ankle joint
278
what structure does the ilioinguinal nerve pass through
superficial inguinal ring
279
what are the sensory functions of the femoral nerve
anterior cutaneous branch - skin on anterior thingh
| saphenous branch - medial side of leg
280
what is the ankle joint between
talus, tibia and tibia
281
what is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament
prevents hyperextension and hold femoral head in acetabulum - spiral orientation becomes tighter when joint is extended
282
what are the root values of the sciatic nerve
L4- S3
283
what are the 2 major superficial veins of the lower limb
great saphenous
| small saphenous
284
what forms the most distal row of tarsal bones
cuboid and 3 cuneiforms
285
what nerves innervate the ankle joint
tibial and deep fibular
286
where does the vastus intermedius originate
anterior and lateral femoral shaft
287
what are the 5 muscles in the medial compartment of the leg
```
gracilis
obturator externes
adductor brevis
adductor longus
adductor magnus
```
288
what type of joint is the ankle
synovial hinge
289
what are the nerve roots of the pudendal nerve
S2, 3, 4
290
what is the motor function of the genitofemoral nerve (L1-2)
cremasteric muscle (genital branch)
291
what are the attachments of the gemelli
superior - ischial spine
inferior - ischial tuberosity
both attach to greater trochanter
292
what is the sensory function of the pudendal nerve
penis and clitoris and most of the skin of the perineum
293
what bones form the ankle joint
tibia, fibula, talus
294
where does the small saphenous vein terminate
drains into popliteal vein in popliteal fossa
295
how does the popliteal vein enter the thigh
adductor canal
296
what type of joint is the proximal tibio-fibular joint
synovial plane
297
what are the attachments of the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
lateral epicondyle of femur to lateral condyle of tibia
298
what is the mid point of the inguinal ligament
halfway between ASIS and pubic tubercle
299
what is the popliteal fossa
fat filled diamond shape found on posterior side of the knee
| main path that structure move from thigh to leg
300
what is the innervation of the plantaris
tibial nerve
301
what is the most anterior part of the hip bone
pubic bone
302
when does the femoral vein become the external iliac vein
under inguinal ligament
303
what are passive factors that maintain the integrity of the foot arches
```
shape of united bones
plantar aponeurosis
long plantar ligament
short plantar ligament
spring ligament - calconeonavicular
```
304
what is in the femoral canal
deep lymph nodes and lymphatic vessel
305
what separates the 3 parts of the hip bones before puberty (15-17)
triradiate cartilage
306
which foramen does the piriformis travel through
greater sciatic foramen
307
what are the attachments of the popliteus
posterior surface of proximal tibia
| lateral condyle of femur/ lateral meniscus
308
what 2 extrinsic muscles of the foot are on the dorsal surface
extensor digitorum brevis
| extensor hallucis brevis
309
where is flexor digitorum brevis in relation to abductor hallucis and abductor digit minimi
middle
310
what are the motor functions of the pudendal nerve
skelteal muscles in perineum
external urethras sphincter
external anal sphincter
levator ani
311
what separates the lateral meniscus from the posterior cruciate ligament
tendon of popliteus
312
what is the main action of the deep gluteal muscles
laterally rotate
313
what are the contents of the adductor canal
femoral artery
fermoral vein
nerve to vastus medialis
the saphenous nerve (cutaneous branch of femoral nerve)
314
what type of bone is the patella bone
sesamoid bone - position within the quadricep tendon
315
what are the actions of actions extensor digitorum brevis
aids extensor digitorum longus in extending lateral 4 toes
316
what part of the tibia articulates to the fibula proximally
lateral condyle
317
what are the sensory functions of the genitofemoral nerve (L1-2)
genital branch - skin of anterior scrotum in males, skin over mons pubis and labia majora in females
femoral branch - skin on the upper anterior thigh
318
what nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg
deep fibular nerve (l4-5)
319
what are the motor functions of the femoral nerve
anterior thigh muscles
hip flexors - illaicus, pectineus, sartorius
knee extensors - quadriceps femoris
320
what is the deepest muscle in the anterior compartment of the leg
extensor hallucis longus
321
what symptoms would be seen in obturator nerve damage
weka adduction of the thigh
| paraesthesia on the medial aspect of the thigh
322
what is the popliteal fascia continuous with
fascia lata of the leg
323
what are the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg
tibialis naterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
fibularis tertius
324
what artery is the dorsalis pedis artery a continuation of
anterior tibial
325
what muscle produces inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint
tibialis anterior
326
what is a Potts fracture
bimalleolar +/- distal tibia fracture
327
how can the sartorius flex both the knee and the hip
spiral around thigh from anterior hip to posterior knee
328
where is the tibial tuberosity
anterior surface of proximal tibia inferior to condyles
329
what is the largest muscle in the medial compartment
adductor magnus
| posterior to others
330
what occurs in DDH and what are the clinical features
acetabulum too shallow
- limited abduction
- leg length discrepancy (affected shorter)
- asymmetrical gluteal or thigh skin folds
331
which bone forms the ischial tuberosities (sit on)
ischium
332
what are the attatchments of the adductor longus
pubis to linea aspera of the femur
333
what type of joint is the knee joint
synovial hinge (modified/ bicondylar)
334
where does the vastus medialis originate
intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera
335
what vein drains into the femoral vein within the femoral triangle
great saphenous vein
336
where does the head of femur articulate to form the hip joint
acetabulum
337
what side of the leg iso the great saphenous vein
medial
338
what are the 4 signs of osteoarthritis on xray
osteophytes
loss of joint space
subchondral cysts
subchondral sclerosis
339
what is the innervation of the tensor fascia lata
superior fascia lata
340
where is the anaesthetic injected in an obturator nerve block
inferior to pubic tubercle and lateral to the tendon of the adductor longus muscle
(used in pain for lower limb surgery to chronic hip pain)
341
what are the 6 major nerves of the lumbar plexus
```
obturator nerve (L2-4)
femoral nerve (L2-4)
iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
genitofemoral nerve (L1-2)
lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2,3)
```
342
what does antalgic gait result from
pain on weight bearing
343
what is the main extensor of the hip joint
gluteus maximus
344
what is adductor canal compression syndrome
entrapment of the neuromuscular bundle within the adductor canal
hypertrophy of adjacent muscles such as vests medialis
claudication (artery) or neurological (saphenous)
345
what divisions make up the lumbar plexus
anterior rami of L1,2,3,4
| some T12
346
what may cause a talus neck fracture
excessive dorsiflexion of foot
347
what depend the acetabulum
acetabulum labrum - fibrocartilaginous collar
348
what are the attachments of the fibularis longus
superior/ lateral surface of the fibula and the lateral tibial condyle
tendon descends into the foot posterior to lateral malleolus
attaches to medial cuneiform and metatarsal I
349
where does the ligamentum teres attach
fovea of head of femur
350
what muscles does the tibial nerve innervate
posterior compartment of leg
superficial - plantaris, soleus, gastrocnemius
deep - popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
351
what are the actions of the gluteus minimis
abducts and medially rotates the lower limb
| secures pelvis during locomotion
352
which is the most superficial muscle of the posterior leg
gastrocnemius
353
what are the attachments of the obturator internus
pubic + ischium at obturator foramen
travel through lesser sciatic foramen
attaches to greater trochanter of femur
354
what is the mid- inguinal point
halfway between ASIS and centre of pubic symphis (femoral artery palpated)
355
what is the sensory function of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (S1-3)
skin on posterior surface of thigh and leg
| skin of perineum
356
what is the main extensor of the thigh
gluteus maximus
357
where does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh innervate
anterior and lateral thigh down to the knee
358
how is the limb positioned in a neck of femur fracture
shortened and externally rotated lower limb
359
what is the innervation of the extensor digitorum longus
deep fibular nerve
360
which muscles dorsiflex the ankle
anterior compartment of leg - tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus
361
what is the action of the fibularis longus
eversion and platarflexion of the foot
| also supports lateral and transverse arches of the foot
362
what are the 4 muscles of the quadriceps
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
rectus femoris
363
what angle is the neck of femur to the shaft and why
135 - increased range of movement
364
what are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve
L4, 5, S1, S2, S3
365
what are actions of the biceps femoris
mainly flex knee
| also extends thigh at the hip and laterally rotates the hip and knee
366
what nerve innervates the gastrocnemius
tibial nerve
367
what is different about the main actions of the fibula and tibia
fibula doest weight bear
368
what are the actions of the gracilis muscle
adduction of thigh at hip
| flexion of leg at knee
369
whst nerve is compressed in tarsal tunnel syndrome
tibial nerve
| deep to flexor retinacula
370
what is the main arterial supply to the hip joint
medial and lateral circumflex - branches of profunda femoris
371
what ridge of bone marks the posterior shaft of tibia
soleal line
372
what are the attachments of the semitendonous muscle
ischial tuberosity to medial surface of the tibia
373
what are the superficial muscles of the posterior leg
gastrocnemius
plantaris
soleus
374
what connects the greater and less trochanter of the femur posteriorly
throchanteric crest
375
what are the three compartments of the thigh
anterior
medial
lateral
376
what are the actions of flexor digitorum brevis
flex lateral 4 digits at proximal interphalangeal joints
377
what is attached on the plantar surface of the navicular
tibialis posterior tendon
378
what is the action of the fibularis brevis
eversion of the foot
379
what muscles laterally rotate the hip (external)
biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, piriformis
380
what side of the foot is abductor digiti minimi
lateral
381
what is the action of the anterior compartment of the thigh
extended leg at knee joint
382
what ligament is the medial meniscus attatched to
medial collateral ligament (tibial) - tear together
383
where is the medial ligament of the ankle
medial malleolus - 4 different ligaments to the talus, calcaneus and navicular
384
what are the attachments of extensor digitorum longus
lateral condyle of tibia/ medial surface of fibula
| tendon travels to dorsal foot and splints into 4 - each toe
385
what is the innervation of the quadratus plantae
lateral plantar nerve
386
which foramen does the obturator internus travel through
lesser sciatic foramen
387
what is a bursa
synovial fluid filled sac, found between moving structures in a joint with the aim of reducing wear and tear
388
what is the dermatome of the medial knee
L3
389
what are the attachments of the pectinous
pectineal line on the anterior surface of pelvis to pectineal line on the posterior side of the femur, inferior to lesser trochanter
390
where is the iliofemoral ligament
anterior inferior iliac spine - bifurcates and inserts into intertrochanteric line of femur
391
what is the posterior border of the adductor canal
adductor longus and adductor magnus
392
what are the attachments of the foot lumbricals
originate from tendons of flexor digitorum longus
| extensor hoods of the lateral 4 digits
393
which part of the pubic bones project towards the ischium
inferior pubic ramus
394
where do the deep and superficial fibular nerves supply sensory innervation
superficial - skin of anterolateral leg and dorsal of foot
| deep - skin between 1st and 2nd toes
395
what is there terminal cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve
saphenous nerve - medial side of lower leg
396
what is the deepest of the superficial gluteal muscles
gluteus minimis
397
what are the attachments of tibias anterior
lateral surface of tibia to the medial cuneiform and he base of metatarsal 1
398
where does the fascia lata run between
iliac crest and inguinal ligament
| to bony prominence of tibia - continues to become the deep fascia of the leg (crural fascia)
399
what 2 muscles does the tibialis posterior lie between
flexor digitorum longus
| flexor hallucis longus
400
where are the inguinal lymph nodes found
upper aspect of femoral triangle
401
which ligament creates the lesser sciatic foramen
sacrotuberous
402
what are the attachments of the gastrocnemius
lateral head - lateral femoral condyle
medial head - medial femoral condyle
combines with soleus to form calcaneal tendon
403
what is the superomedial border of the popliteal fossa
semimembranous
404
where does the short head of the biceps femoris originate
linea aspera on posterior surface of femur
405
where does the popliteal bursa lie
between popliteal tendon and posterior surface of knee joint
406
what attaches to the intercondylar fossa of the femur
anterior cruciate ligament - lateral condyle
| posterior cruciate ligament - medial epicondyle
407
what 2 arteries supply the foot
posterior tibial
| dorsalis pedis
408
what nerve innervates the posterior leg
tibial nerve
409
what deep vein is formed from the dorsal side of the foot
anterior tibial
410
what type of joint is the subtalar joint
synovial plane
411
what are the attatchments of the gluteus medius
gluteal surface of the ileum
| lateral surface of the greater trochanter
412
what are the sensory functions of the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve
skin on posterolateral and medial surface, sole of foot
413
what is the anterior border of the adductor canal
sartorius
414
what are the 2 main functions of the patella
leg extension - enhances the leverage of quadriceps tendon
| protection - from trauma
415
what muscle is the adductor hiatus in
adductor magnum
416
what is pec cavus
unusual high medial longitudinal arch
| less ability to absorb shock when walking leads to increased stress on ball and heel of foot
417
what is the innervation of the gracilis muscles
obturator nerve (L2-4)
418
what is the heel bone of the ankle
calcaneus
419
what are the attachments of the adductor brevis
body of pubis to linea aspera on posterior femur
420
what are the attachments of flexor digitorum brevis
medial tubercle of calcaneus to middle phalanges of lateral 4 digits
421
what bone does the fibular nerve wrap around
neck of fibula
422
what is the dural nerve a branch of
common fibular and tibial nerve
423
what is a patellar dislocation
patella displaced out of patella femoral groove - most laterally
424
where does the tensor fascia lata run between
anterior iliac crest (ASIS)
| anterior aspect of iliotibial tract
425
what is the actions of the vastus muscles
extends knee joint
| stabilise patella
426
what are the attachments of the quadratus plantar muscle
medial and lateral surface of calcaneus to tendons of flexor digitorum longus
427
what part of the knee attaches to the medial and lateral epicondyles
medial and lateral collateral ligaments
428
what are the roots of the femoral nerve
L2,3,4
429
where is the iliotibial tract
lateral thigh , extending form the iliac tubercle to the lateral tibial condyle
430
what is the widest, most superior part of the hip bone
ilium
431
what are the 2 heads of the gastrocnemius
medial and lateral - converge to form a single belly
432
where does the sural nerve innervate
posterolateral leg + lateral side of foot
433
where is the ovoid hiatus
fascia lata just inferior to inguinal ligament (saphenous opening)
entry point of the great saphenous vein
434
where is the ischiofemoral ligament
body of ischium and greater trochanter of the femur
435
what 2 bursa are associated with the calcaneal tendon
subcutaneous calcaneal bursa - between skin and calcaneal tendon
deep bursa of the calcaneal tendon -between the tendon and the calcaneus
436
where are the superficial veins of the leg formed
dorsal venous arch of foot
437
what is the action of the plantaris
plantar flex ankle joint
| flexes knee
438
what innervates the obturator internus
nerve to obturator internus
439
what are the functions of the menisci
deepen articular surface to increase stability
| shock absorbers
440
which bursa is inflamed in housemaids knee
prepatellar bursa
441
what muscles produce eversion of the foot
lateral compartment of the leg - fibularis longus and brevis
442
where does the gluteus maximus attach to the femur
gluteal tuberosity of the shaft
443
what shape are menisci
C shaped
444
what are the actions of the semimembranosus
flexion of leg at knee joint
extension of thigh at hip
medially rotate thigh and leg at knee joint
445
what are the 2 proximal tarsal bones
talus and calcaneus
446
what is the main conduit for neuromuscular structures entering and leaving the leg
popliteal fossa
447
what is the medial border of the femoral triangle
medial border of adducts longus (rest is floor)
448
what bones form the arches of the foot
tarsal and metatarsal bones - supported by ligaments and tendons in foot
449
where are the deep veins of the leg located
deep fascia - accompanying major arteries
450
what is a hernia
a condition in which part of an organ is displaced and protrudes through the wall of the cavity containing it
451
what muscles does the deep fibular nerve innervate
anterior compartment of the leg - tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
452
what part of the pubic bones articulate at the pubic symphis
pubic body
453
where does the extensor digitorum lie in relation to tibias anterior
lateral and deep
454
what is the deepest structure in the popliteal fossa
popliteal artery
455
what are the 3 joints of the tibia
proximal tibiofibular
distal tibiofibular
ankle
456
what muscles attach to the greater trochanter of the femur
gluteus medius
gluteus minimis
piriformis
vastus lateralis
457
what is the innervation of the iliopsoas
iliacus - femoral nerve
| psoas major - L1-3
458
which of the quadriceps femoris can flex the hip
rectus femoris
459
what is pathopneumonic on xray of an ACL tear
second fracture - small tear at top of fibula
460
what are the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh known as
hip adductors
461
what is the superior aspect of the patella attached to
quadriceps tendon
462
in the standing position, what do the gluteus medius and minimis do when the contralateral leg is raised
contract - prevent pelvis dropping on that side
463
what does the femoral artery change into at the adductor hiatus
popliteal artery
464
what things combine to form the lumosacral trunk
L4-5
| S1-4
465
what nerve innervates the hamstrings
sciatic nerve (L4- S3)
466
what is the innervation of the extensor hallucinations longus
deep fibular nerve
467
what movements are available at the knee
flexion
extension
medial/lateral rotation
468
what are the attatchments of the gluteus minimis
ilium to
| anterior grater trochanter of femur
469
what forms the articulations of the knee joint
posterior patella
lateral and medial condyles of femur
lateral and medial condyles of tibia
470
what is the patellar ligament
continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon distal to the patella
attaches ot eh tibial tuberosity
471
what are the main contents of the popliteal fossa (medial to lateral)
```
popliteal artery
popliteal vein
tibial nerve
common fibular nerve
fat
popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
```
472
which of the articulations in the knee is weight bearing
tibia-femoral - condyles of tibia and femur
473
what does the patellar ligament run between
apex of patella, tibial tuberosity
474
what are the deep muscles in the gluteal region (lateral rotators)
quadratus femoris
piriformis
gemellus superior and inferior
obturator internus
475
what is the name of the joint between the sacrum and the coccyx
sacrococcygeal symphis
476
what is the artery to the head of femur a branch of
obturator
477
where is the fascia lata thickest
superolateral aspect of the thigh
478
what are the main functions of the iliotibial tract
movement - extensor, abductor and lateral rotation of hip
compartmentalisation
sheath for the tensor fascia lata muscle
479
when can medial and lateral rotation of the knee occur
when the knee is flexed
| if not it occurs at the hip joint
480
what is the actions fo the iliopsoas
flex lower limb at hip joint
| lateral rotation
481
what muscles extend the hip joint
gluteus maximus
hamstrings - semimembranous, semitendinous, biceps femoris
posterior adductor magnus
482
what are the 2 muscles in the 2nd layer of plantar foot muscles
quadratus plantae
| lumbricals
483
what is the inferior aspect of the patella attached to
patellar ligament
484
what is the lateral border of the adductor canal
vastus medialis
485
what is a deep vein thrombosis
formation of a blood clot within the deep veins of the lower limbs causing blockage of the vessel
causes pain, swelling and tenderness of affected limb
486
what are the nerve roots of the obturator nerve
L2,3,4
487
what part of the tibia articulates to the fibula distally
fibular notch
488
what tunnel does the femoral artery travel down the anterior thigh in
adductor canal
489
what deep veins form on the plantar aspect of the foot
posterior tibial
| fibular
490
what things articulate in the hip joint
pelvic acetabulum
| head of femur
491
what separates he superior and inferior gemelli
obturator interns tendon
492
what veins drain the gluteal region
superior and inferior gluteal - drain into internal iliac
493
how many arches are there in the foot
```
2 longitudinal (medial and lateral)
one anterior transverse
```
494
what are the actions of the abductor digit minimi
abduct and flex 5th digit
495
what is the name of the depression in between the 2 condyles of the femurs
intercondylar fossa
496
what is the inferomedial border of the popliteal fossa
medial head of gastrocnemius
497
how many dorsal and plantar interossei are there in the foot
```
3 plantar (unipennate)
4 dorsal ( bipennate)
```
498
what is the inferolateral border of the popliteal fossa
lateral head of gastrocnemius
499
what is the chief flexor of the thigh
iliopsoas
500
what are the main branches of the sacral plexus
sciatic nerve
| pudendal nerve
501
what nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris
femoral nerve
502
where does the vests laterals originate
greater trochanter and lateral lip of line aspera
503
what is the action of the adductor magnus
adduct thigh
adductor component - flex thigh
hamstring component - extend thigh
504
what 2 bones articulate in the subtler joint
calcaneus and talus
505
why are IM injections given in the upper lateral quadrant of the gluteal region
avoid damage to the sciatic nerve in the lower medial quadrant
506
how many lumbricals are in each foot
4
507
what is the blood supply to the knee
genicular anastomoses from genicular branches of femoral and popliteal arteries
508
what muscles medially rotate the hip (internal)
glut medius, glut minimus, tensor fascia lata
509
what are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh
pectineus
sartorius
quadriceps femoris (x4)
(iliopsoas passes through)
510
which muscle of the quadriceps crosses both the hip and knee joint
rectus femoris
511
where is the femoral triangle
anterior thigh, below inguinal ligament
512
what are the nerve roots of the femoral nerve
L2-4
513
what are the nerve roots of the tibial and common fibular nerves
tibial - L4-S3
| common fibular - L4- S2
514
what are the actions of the gluteus medius
abducts and medially rotate the lower limb
| secures pelvis during locomotion
515
where is the fascia lata thinnest
where it covers the adductor muscles of the medial thigh
516
what does the common fibular nerve birfucate into
deep and superficial fibular nerve
517
what nerves supply the knee (hiltons law)
femoral, tibial, common fibular
518
what things aid the stability of the hip joint
deep acetabulum / acetabular labrum
| iliofemoral/ pubofemoral/ ischiofemroal ligaments are very strong
519
what are the terminal branches of the popliteal artery
anterior tibial
posterior tibial
fibular
520
what muscles abduct the hip joint
gluteus medius, glut minimis, tensor fascia lata, piriformis
521
what bursa is inflamed in a bakers cyst
semimembranous bursa
522
does the gastrocnemius have an action on the knee
flex
523
what does the sacrotuberous ligament run between
sacrum to ischial tuberosity
| forms lesser sciatic foramen
524
what bones are contained in the pelvic girdle
sacrum
| left and right hip bones
525
what line divides the superficial and sub-inguinal nodes
horizontal at level of termination of great saphenous vein
526
what are the attatchments of the sartorius
anterior superior iliac spine
| to superior, medial surface of the tibia
527
how do talus body fractures occur
jumping from a height
528
does the gluteus maximus act in normal posture
no - only used when force is required such as running or climbing
529
what muscles laterally rotate the knee
biceps femoris
530
what is the strongest dorsiflexor of the foot
tibialis anterior
531
what are the 5 major nerves of the sacral plexus
```
superior gluteal nerve (L4- S1)
inferferior gluteal nerve (L5- S2)
sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1-3)
pudendal nerve (S2-4)
(some irish sailor pestors poll)
```
532
is fibularis longus larger or smaller than fibularis brevis
larger
533
what muscle unlocks the knee joint in extension
popliteus
