upper limb Flashcards
(489 cards)
1
Q
what muscles extend the wrist
A
extensor carpi radialis longus/ brevis
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor digitorum
2
Q
what are the attachments of the levator scapulae
A
transvers processes of C1-4
attaches to medial border of scapula
3
Q
what are the actions of the biceps branchii
A
supinate forearm
flex arm at the elbow and shoulder
4
Q
what is the function of the anterior fibres of the deltoid
A
flex arm at the shoulder
5
Q
what is the innervation of flexor digitorum profundus
A
medial - ulnar nerve (pinky and ring finger)
lateral - median nerve (middle and index finger)
6
Q
what are the attachments of the abductor pollicis longus
A
interosseous membrane
lateral base of thumb
7
Q
what are the attachments of the extensor pollicis brevis
A
posterior ulna/ interossuss membrane
to to proximal phalanx
8
Q
what tendon runs through the inter tubercular groove on the humerus head
A
long head of biceps branchii
9
Q
what is the action of pronator teres
A
pronate forearm
10
Q
what is the innervation of the teres major
A
lower scapular nerve
11
Q
what muscle attatches to the ulnar anteriorly and distally
A
pronator quadratus
12
Q
what makes the proximal border of the anatomical snuff box
A
styloid process of the radius
can be palpated
13
Q
how does the median nerve enter the hand
A
through the carpal tunnel
14
Q
which strong ligaments aids in the movement of the clavicle
A
costoclavicular
15
Q
what is the sensory function of the radial nerve
A
posterior forearm
dorsal surface of lateral 3 digits and associated palm area
16
Q
what two muscles of the upper arm travel through the axilla to reach the coracoid process
A
biceps branchii
coracobrachialis
17
Q
what is the most common type of radial fracture
A
collets fracture - fall onto outstretched hand causing fracture of distal radius - dinner fork deformity
18
Q
what type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint
A
synovial pivot - pronation, supination
19
Q
what are the branches of the lateral cord
A
musculotcutaneous nerve
lateral pectoral nerve
lateral root of median nerve
20
Q
what cord does the median nerve come from
A
medial and lateral - C6- T1
21
Q
where does the lateral head of the triceps brachii originate
A
humerus, superior to radial groove
22
Q
what is the action of extensor indices proprius
A
extend the index finger
23
Q
what are the 4 muscles of the upper arm
A
biceps branchii
brachialis
coracobrachialis
triceps branchii
24
Q
what 2 things articulate at the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints - SPECIFIC
A
proximal - radial head + radial notch of ulna
distal - ulnar head + ulnar notch of radius
25
what cord does the ulnar nerve come from
medial (C8-T1)
26
what 2 muscles in the anterior forearm does the ulnar nerve supply (rest median)
flexor carpi ulnaris
| medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
27
does the capitulum of the humerus articulate with the radius or the ulnar?
head of radius
28
what is the innervation of the serrates anterior
long thoracic nerve
29
where does the radial (lateral) collateral ligament extend between
lateral epicondyle and blends with annular ligament of radioulnar joint
30
what is the innervation of the brachioradialis
radial nerve
31
what 2 muscles form the floor of the cubital fossa
brachialis and supinator
32
what are the attachments of extensor indicis proprius
posterior ulna/ interosseus membrane
| to index finger
33
what 2 things form the trochlear notch on the ulna
olecranon
| coronoid process
34
where does the brachial artery birfurcate
apex of cubital fossa
35
what muscles depress the scapula
trapezius
pectorals minor
lattisimus dorsi
36
what shape is the deltoid muscle
triangle
37
what are the attachments of extensor digitorum
lateral epicondyle
| splits into 4 tendons of each finger (under extensor retinaculum)
38
what are the attachments of the adductor pollicis muscles
transverse - metacarpal III
oblique - capitate/ metacarpal II and III
base of proximal phalanx
39
what muscles extend the shoulder joint (upper limb back in saggital plane)
posterior deltoid
lattisimus dorsi
teres major
40
what is the innervation of the levator scapulae
dorsal scapular nerve
41
what are the roots of the middle trunk
C7
42
what muscles weakly assist in the pronation of the radioulnar joints
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
brachioradialis
43
what 2 bones in the upper limb does the scapula articulate with
clavicle
| humerus
44
what is the lateral border of the cubital fossa
medial border of brachoradialis
45
what level does the axillary artery become the brachial artery
lower border of teres major muscle
46
what is the innervation of biceps branchii
musculocutanous nerve
47
where does the infraspinatis muscle originate
infraspinous fossa - below spine of scapula
48
what arteries arise from the superficial/ deep palmar arches to supply the digits
common palmar digital arteries
49
where are the thenar muscles located
base of thumb
50
what passes through the transverse and oblique heads of the adductor pollicis
radial artery
51
where are the pectoral group of lymph nodes
medial wall of axilla
| receive from anterior thoracic wall including breast
52
what is the sensory function of the median nerve
lateral palm
| lateral 3 1/2 fingertips on dorsal side
53
which area of the hand does the ulnar artery mainly supply
medial side of index finger and middle/ ring/ little finger
54
what nerve is contained in the carpal tunnel
median nerve
55
where can the brachial pulse be palpated
immediately medial to biceps tendon in the cubital fossa
56
what are the attatchments of flexor carpi radialis
medial epicondyle
| base of metacarpal II and III
57
what is the sensory function of the musculocutaneous nerve
lateral cutaneous branch of the forearm
58
what forms the medial wall of the axilla
serrates anterior
| thoracic wall
59
what are the attachments of the infraspinatus
infraspinatous fossa of the scapula
| greater tubercle of the humerus
60
what are the muscles in the superficial compartment of the anterior forearm
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
pronator teres
61
where does the long head of the triceps branchii attach
infraglenoid tubercle - inferior to glenoid fossa
62
what shape is the clavicle
S
63
what is the action of the subscapularis
medially rotates arm
64
what are the attachments of the rhomboid minor
spinous process of C7-T1
| medial border of scapula
65
what is the innervation of extensor carpi ulnaris
radial nerve
66
what is the innervation of the anconeus
radial nerve
67
what is the main route of exit from the axilla
inferior & lateral into upper limb
68
what nerve is most likely to be damaged in a humeral surgical neck fracture
axillary
69
what 3 of the rotator cuff muscles attach to the greater tuberosity of the humerus
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
70
what nerve would a mid shaft fracture of the humerus damage
radial nerve
| profunda brachii artery
71
if the axillary nerve was damaged, what would the patent be unable to do
abduct the affected limb
72
what groove of the humerus does the radial nerve sit in
radial groove - lateral
73
what is the action of the teres minor
laterally rotates arm
74
What is the first branch of the brachial artery
profunda brachii - deep artery of arm
| travels along posterior- supplies triceps
75
what are the nerve roots of the ulnar nerve
C8-T1 - medial cord
76
what is the innervation of extensor digitorum
radial nerve
77
what 3 muscles lies under the trapezius
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor
levator scpaulae
78
what is the sensory function of the ulnar nerve
medial 1/2 fingers and associated palm area
79
what is the name of the joint between the clavicle and the acromion
acromioclavicular
80
which is the largest and deepest of the thenar muscles
opponens pollicis
81
what part of the scapula articulates with the clavicle
acromion - projection from spine of scapula
82
what are the roots of the inferior trunk
C8-T1
83
what is the characteristic arm shape if the radial nerve is damaged
```
wrist drop (unopposed flexion at wrist)
all posterior muscles affected - unable to extend forearm, wrist and fingers
```
84
what muscles protract the scapula (forward movement)
levator scapulae
| serratus anterior
85
what muscles extend the elbow joint
triceps branchii
| anconeus
86
what is the action of the supinator
supinate the forearm
87
where do the axillary lymph nodes drain
upper limb
| pectoral region
88
what cord does the radial nerve come from
posterior (C5-T1)
89
what nerve innervates the pec minor
medial pectoral nerve
90
what group of ligaments forms the shoulder joint capsule and connects the humerus to the glenoid fossa
glenohumeral (superior, middle, inferior)
| stabilise anterior aspect of joint
91
what is the name of the groove on the head of the humerus in between the lesser and greater tuberosity
inter tubercular groove
92
what is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi
thoracodorsal nerve
93
what does the median nerve supply in the hand
thenar muscle group
lateral 2 lumbricals
sensory - palmar skin, dorsal nail beds of lateral 3 1/2 digits
94
what are the attachments of the deltoid muscle
lateral spine of scapula and lateral 1/3 of clavicle
| attaches to deltoid tuberosity on lateral surface of humerus
95
what is the medial border of the anatomical snuff box
tendon of extensor pollicis longs
96
what joints pronate and supinate the forearm
radioulnar
97
what bursa is inflamed in student elbow
subcutaneous olecranon
98
what is the action of pronator quadratus
pronate forearm
99
what is the innervation of extensor pollicis brevis
radial nerve
100
what is different about the clavicular joints compared to most synovial joints
lined with fibrocartilage instead of hyaline
101
is the biceps branchii attached to the humerus
no
102
why is the shoulder joint inheritidly unstable
head of humerus bigger than glenoid fossa
103
what are the nerve roots of the musculocutaneous nerve
C 5, 6, 7 - lateral cord
104
is the lesser tuberosity of the humerus seen on its anterior face or posterior face
anterior
105
what are the attachments of the teres major
posterior scapula to medial lip of inter tubercular groove of humerus
106
what epicondyle is inflamed in golfer's elbow
medial epicondyle - common flexor
107
list the 8 carpal bones
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
| trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
108
what are the contents of the cubital fossa
radial nerve
biceps tendon
brachial artery
median nerve
109
what type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint
synovial pivot
110
what muscle is the main extensor of the fingers
extensor digitorum
111
what muscle does the brachial artery cross the cubital fossa under
brachialis
112
what are the 5 major branches of the brachial plexus
```
musculocutaneous nerve
axillary nerve
median nerve
radial nerve
ulnar nerve
```
113
what does the ulna articulate with distally
radius - radio-ulnar joint
114
what is the innervation of flexor carpi radials
median nerve
115
what are the attachments of flexor carpi ulnaris
medial epicondyle
| into wrist to pisiform carpal bone
116
what type of joint is the elbow joint
synovial hinge
117
what is the motor function of the median nerve
most flexor muscles in forearm, thenar eminence, lateral 2 lumbircals (index and middle finger)
118
what factors contribute to the motility of the shoulder joint
ball and socket synovial
shallow glenoid cavity and large humeral head (golf ball and tee)
laxity of joint capsule
119
what is the action of the trapezius
superior - elevate scapula
middle - retract scapula
inferior - pull scapula inferiory
120
where does 75% of lymph from the breast drain
axilla
121
which shoulder bursa is most commonly inflamed (impingement syndrome)
subacromial
122
what is the function of the lumbricals
link extensor tendons to flexor tendons
123
what are the deep muscles of the posterior forearm
supinator
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis longus/ brevis
extensor indicis
124
where does the median nerve travel in relation to the brachial artery
initially lateral then crosses to medial at the cubital fossa
125
which shoulder bursa communicated with the joint cavity
sub scapular
126
what type of joint is the acromioclavicular
synovial plane
127
what is the action of flexor carpi radials
flex wrist
| abduction of wrist
128
what is the innervation of the supinator
radial nerve
129
what is the supra scapular artery a branch of
subclavian
130
what muscles flex the elbow joint
brachialis
biceps branchii
brachioradilais
131
what are the attachments of the teres minor
posterior scapula to greater tubercle of humerus
132
what 2 things lie in the radial groove (posterior humerus)
radial nerve
| profunda brachii artery
133
what is the most commonly fractured bone in the hand
scaphoid
| high risk of avascular necrosis and osteoarthritis
134
what muscle does the fibres of aconeus blend with
triceps branchii
135
which bone is the olecranon part of
proximal ulna
136
what are the 3 muscles in the deep compartment of the anterior forearm
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus
137
which of the 3 heads of the triceps is deepest
medial head
138
what muscles weakly assist in the supination of the radioulnar joints
extensor pollicis longus
| extensor carpi radialis longus
139
what is the innervation of flexor digitorum superficialis
median nerve
140
what is the characteristic position of Klumpkes palsy
ulnar claw
141
does the basilic vein ascend up the arm on the medial or lateral side
medial
142
what two things articulate in the sternoclavicular joint
manubrium of sternum
| sternal end of clavicle
143
what things may enlarge the axillary lymph nodes
infection of upper limb (normally humeral)
infection of pectoral region/ breast
metastasis of breast cancer
144
what type of joint is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
synovial ball and socket
145
what makes the floor of the anatomical snuff box
scaphoid and trapezium
146
what spinal segment does the triceps reflex test
C7
147
what 2 pronator muscles lie in there anterior forearm
pronator teres
| pronator quadratus
148
what cord does the musculocutaneous nerve come from
lateral (C5 ,6, 7)
149
what are the attachments of the coracobrachialis
coracoid process of scapula
| medial humeral shaft at deltoid tubercle
150
what forms the apex of the axilla
lateral border of 1st rib
superior border of scapula
posterior border of clavicle
151
what is the name of the groove on the head of the humerus in between the lesser and greater tuberosity
inter tubercular groove
152
where does the axillary nerve leave the axilla
quadrangular space - posterior wall
153
what are the attachments of flexor digitorum superficialis
medial epicondyle + radius
middle phalanges of 4 fingers
(through carpal tunnel)
154
what bursa becomes inflamed with excessive flexion and extension of the elbow (assembly line)
subtendinous bursitis
155
what elbow bursa is located within the tendon of the triceps branchii
intratendinous bursa
156
what forms the roof of the carpal tunnel
flexor retinaculum
| tick connective tissue
157
what is the most superficial muscle in the pectoral region
pec major
158
where does the biceps branchii attach distally
biceps aponeurosis - radial tuberosity
159
where in the hand does the medial nerve supply sensory innervation
lateral 3 1/2 fingertips digits on the dorsum
| associated palm area
160
what palsy occurs from trauma to the upper brachial plexus
Erb's palsy
161
what are the 3 functions of the interosseous membrane
- hold radius and ulna together during pronation and supination (stability)
- site of attachment for muscles in the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm
- transfers forces from the radius to the ulna
162
what muscles attach to the shaft of the humerus posteriorly
triceps medial and lateral head
163
what is the sensory function of the axillary nerve
lateral cutaneous brach of arm - regimental badge area
164
what is the 1st row of carpal bones
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
165
where does the ulnar (medial) collateral ligament extend between
medial epicondyle to coronoid press and the olecranon of ulna
166
what palsy occurs from trauma to the lower brachial plexus
Klumpke
167
what is the action of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm
flexion of wrist and fingers
| pronation of forearm
168
which area of the hand does the radial artery mainly supply
thumb and lateral side of index finger
169
where does the radial artery enter the hand
dorsal surface, crossing the anatomical snuffbox then turns medially to between the heads of adductor pollicis
170
what muscles extend and abduct/ adduct the wrist
extensor carpi ulnaris
| extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis)
171
what are the nerve roots of the posterior cord
C5-T1
172
what fossa forms the shoulder joint with the head of the humerus
glenoid fossa of scapula
173
what are the attachments of the serious anterior
lateral aspects of ribs 1-8
| costal surface of scapula
174
what joins the radius and ulnar together between the radioulnar joints
interosseous membrane - sheet of connective tissue
175
what are the nerve roots of the radial nerve
C5- T1 - posterior cord
176
where does extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus originate and attach
brevis - lateral epicondyle
longus - supracondylar ridge
both attach to metacarpal II and III
177
what is the muscle in the intermediate compartment of the anterior forearm
flexor digitorum superficialis
178
what are the actions of the rhomboid major
retracts and rotates scapula
179
what articulates in the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
proximal - head of radius, radial notch of ulna
| distal - ulnar notch of radius, ulnar head
180
what is the innervation of the deltoid muscle
axillary nerve
181
what are the actions of the lumbricals
flex at MCP joint
| extend interphalangeal joints of each finger
182
what side of the cubital fossa doest he pronator teres form
medial border
183
where does the radius attach to the humerus
capitulum
184
what is the major joint that attaches the trunk to the upper limb
shoulder joint
185
what are the functions of the teres major
adducts shoulder
| medially rotates arm
186
where does the right subclavian lymphatic trunk go
forms right lymphatic duct - enters right venous angle (junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins)
187
what are the functions of extensor carpi ulnaris
adduction of wrist
| extend wrist
188
what is the action of the opponens pollicis
opposes thumb by medially rotating and flexing the metacarpal on trapezium
189
what are the functions of the pec minor
stabilise scapula by drawing it down and forwards against the thoracic wall
190
what are the 6 intrinsic shoulder muscles
```
deltoid
teres major
teres minor
subscapularis
infraspinatus
supraspinatus
```
191
what is the 2nd (distal) row of carpal bones
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
192
what is the motor function of the axillary nerve
teres minor and deltoid muscles
193
where is the superficial palmar arch in the hand
anterior to flexor tendons
| deep to palmar aponeurosis
194
what 2 things are joined in the sternoclavicular joint
manubrium of sternum
| sternal end of clavicle
195
what nerve innervates abductor pollicis brevis
median nerve
196
what are the functions of the pec major
adducts and medially rotates
| draws scapula anteroinferiorly (depress scapula)
197
what vein runs in the roof of the cubital fossa
median cubital vein
198
how many dorsal and palmar interossei are there and why
4 dorsal
| 3 palmar - none on the middle finger - can't adduct as in midline
199
where does the triceps attach to distally
tendon attaches to olecranon process of ulna
200
what are the main contents of the anatomical snuff box
radial artery
branch of radial nerve
cephalic vein
201
what is the action of extensor pollicis brevis
extends carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb
202
what are the 2 articulations in the elbow joint
trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus
| head of radius and capitulum of humerus
203
what are the nerve roots of the lateral cord
C5, 6, 7
204
what nerve passes through the 2 heads of the supinator
deep branch of radial nerve
205
what nerve damage leads the the hand of benediction
median nerve - thenar eminence wasted, only little and ring finger can flex on fist
206
what is the innervation of the supraspinatus
suprascapualr nerve
207
what side of the humeral shaft is the deltoid tuberosity
lateral - attachment of deltoid
208
what 3 muscles attach to the lips of the intertubercuar groove of the humeral head
pectorals major
latissimus dorsi
teres major
(lady between 2 majors)
209
what spinal cord segment does the biceps tendon reflex test
C6
210
what ligaments aid the acromioclavicular joint
acromioclavicular - covers joitn capsule
| conoid/coracoclavicular - vertically from coracoid process to combed tubercle of clavicle, very strong
211
what is the action of extensor carpi radialis longus/ brevis
extend and abduct wrist
212
what are the attachments of extensor carpi ulnaris
lateral epicondyle
| attatched to base of little finger
213
what is the innervation of the triceps muscles
radial nerve
214
what muscles adduct the shoulder joint
pectorals major
teres major
latissimus dorsi
215
what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint
synovial saddle
216
what is an extensor expansion
triangular tendinous aponeurosis that warps around the dorsum and sides of the metacarpal and base of proximal phalanx
217
what cord does the axillary nerve come from
posterior - only C5.6
218
what 2 things articulate in the acromioclavicular joint
lateral end of clavicle
| acromion of scapula
219
what are the actions of the supraspinatus
abducts the arm 0-15
| assists deltoid in abduction 15-90
220
what is the action of the flexor pollicis brevis
flexes metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb
221
what muscles attach to the shaft of the humerus anteriorly
deltoid
brachialis
biceps branchii
coracobrachiaiis
222
what are the divisions of the brachial plexus
```
roots
trunks
divisions
cords
branches
```
223
what are the 5 main lymph groups of the axilla
```
pectoral
subscapular
humeral (lateral)
central
apical - top
```
224
what muscles share the same origin at the lateral epicondyle (extensor origin)
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
225
what is the function of the lymphatic system
drain tissue fluid, plasma proteins and other cellular debris back into blood stream
226
what is the innervation of the teres minor
axillary nerve
227
what vein connects the basilica and cephalic veins at the elbow
median cubital vein
228
what are the actions of extensor digitorum
extends 4 fingers at MCP and IP joints
| extends wrist
229
what surface is the cubital fossa on
anterior surface of the elbow joint
230
what is the innervation of the brachialis
musculocutanous nerve
231
what is the action of the levator scapulae
elevate scapula
232
what is the motor function of the ulnar nerve
flexor carpi ulnaris, medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
intrinsic muscles - hypothenar, medial 2 lumbircals, adducted polices, interossei and palmaris brevis
233
where does the coraco-acromial ligament run between
acromion and coracoid process of scapula
| forms coraco-acromial arch over the shoulder arch
234
what are the nerve roots of the medial cord
C8-T1
235
which is the most common type of shoulder joint dislocation
anterior - excessive extension and lateral rotation
236
which is the most common carpal bone to fracture
scaphoid - tender anatomical snuffbox
237
what set of muscles attach to the medial epicondyle
forearm flexors
238
where do the deep lymph vessels terminate in the upper arm
axillary nodes
239
what forms the lateral wall of the axilla
intertubercular groove of humerus
240
what occurs in thoracic outlet syndrome
vessels and nerves becomes compressed between bones at the apex of axilla - between clavicle, 1st rib and scapula
241
which muscles extend or abduct the thumb
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
242
what are the attachments of the supinator
lateral epicondyle and ulna
| insert onto radius
243
what are the actions of flexor digitorum superficialis
flex metacarpophalangeal joints
flex proximal interphalangeal joints of 4 fingers
flex wrist
244
what are the branches of the medial cord
```
median nerve
ulnar nerve
medial pectoral nerve
medial cutaneous nerve of arm
medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
```
245
what forms the anterior wall of the axilla
pectorals major and minor
246
do any muscles act on the acromioclavicular joint
no- all movement passive
| degree of axial rotation
247
where does the left subclavian lymphatic trunk go
directly into thoracic duct
248
what is the innervation of extensor pollicis longus
radial nerve
249
does the radius or ulna pivot with movement of the radio-ulnar joint
radius pivots around the ulnar
250
what does the brachial artery terminate into
ulnar and radial
251
what muscle and nerve damage leads to winging of the scapula
serratus anterior
| long thoracic nerve
252
what 3 carpal bones form the wrist joint
scaphoid, lunate, triquestrum
253
what are the 2 functions of flexor capri ulnaris
flexion of wrist
| adduction of wrist
254
what type of join is the wrist joint (radoiocarpal)
synovial ellipsoid (condyloid)
255
what nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome
median nerve
256
describe the transition of the subclavian artery
subclavian > axillary > brachial > ulnar/ radial > superficial palmar arch/ deep palmar arch
257
what are the attachments of flexor digitorum profundus
ulna
distal phalanges of 4 fingers
(through carpal tunnel)
258
what is an aneurysm
dilation of a blood vessel to more than twice its original size
259
where are the apical group of lymph nodes
apex of axilla - close to artery and vein
| receive from central axillary lymph nodes - all lymph
260
what nerve innervates opponens pollicis
median nerve
261
where is the anatomical snuff box found
lateral aspect of dorsal of hand
262
where does the long head of the biceps branchi attach
supraglenoid tubercle - superior to glenoid fossa
263
does the extensor pollicis longus or brevis have a larger muscle belly
longus
264
what is the function of the middle fibres of the deltoid
abductor of arm - first 15 is supraspinatus
265
which ligament holds the long head of the biceps in the inter tubercular groove
transverse humeral ligament - between greater and lesser tubercles
266
what muscles flex the wrist
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor carpi radialis
flexor digitorum superficialis
267
what are the 4 ligaments of the wrist joint (?)
ulnar collateral
radial collateral
dorsal radiocarpal
palmar radoiocarpal
268
what is function of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm
extension of the wrist and fingers
269
what side of the scapula does the supscapularis originate from
costal surface - subscapularis fossa
270
what is the innervation of flexor pollicis longus
median nerve
271
what is the only connection between the axial skeleton and the upper limb
sternoclavicular joint
272
where is the subacromial bursa
below deltoid and acromion, above the supraspinatus tendon and joint capsule
273
what type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint
synovial plane
274
what muscle attaches to the radial tuberosity
biceps branchii
275
what level does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery
lateral border of 1st rib
276
what 4 muscles are found in the pectoral region of the body
pec major
pec minor
serratus anterior
subclavius
277
where does the basilic vein become the axillary vein
combines with brachial veins at the border of tears major
278
what are the names of the veins that connect the superficial and deep venous drainage in the arm
perforating veins
279
how many phalanges are there
each finger has 3
| thumb has 2 (14)
280
what is different about the thumb to the rest of the fingers
only distal and proximal phalanges
| fingers have intermediate phalange
281
what deepens the glenohumeral joint to increase stabiltu
glenoid labrum - fibrocartilage rim
282
which vein in the upper arm is commonly used for venipuncture
median cubital
| connects basilic and cephalic
283
is the conoid process of the clavicle near the sternal end or the acromial end
acromial
284
what are the actions of flexor pollicis longus
flexes interphalangeal joint of thumb
| flexes metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb
285
what is the action of palmaris longus
flexion at wrist
286
what is the motor function of the radial nerve
triceps branchii
| extensor muscles in posterior forearm
287
where does the short head of the biceps branchii attach
coracoid process of scapula
288
what muscles flex the shoulder joint (upper limb forward)
anterior deltoid
pectorals major
coracobrachialis
biceps branchii
289
where is the sub scapular bursa
between subscapularis tendon and scapula
290
what muscles attach to the extensor expansion
lumbricals
extensor indicis
dorsal and palmar interossei
291
what are the 2 anastomoses of the radial and ulnar arteries called
superficial palmar arch
| deep palmar arch
292
what nerve innervates the palmar interossei
ulnar nerve
293
how many metacarpal bones are there in each hand
5
294
what is volkmann's ischaemic contracture
uncontrolled flexion of the hand - flexors muscles fibrotic and short
interference with brachial artery
295
what is the function of the posterior fibres of the deltoid
extend arm at the shoulder
296
does flexor pollicis longus lie laterally or medially to flexor digitorum profundus
lateral
297
what does the proximal end of the ulna articulate with
trochlea of humerus
298
what forms the posterior wall of the axilla
scapularis
teres major
lattisimus dorsi
299
where is the hypothenar eminence
base of little finger
300
what muscle is the most powerful supinator of the forearm
biceps branchii
301
what are the 3 muscles in the anterior compartment of the upper arm
biceps branchii
brachialis
coracobrachialis
302
what muscles the adduct wrist
extensor carpi ulnaris
flexor carpi ulnaris
(ulnar deviation)
303
what normally happens to the radius when the ulnar is broken
also fracture/ dislocate (like a ring)
304
what does the axillary artery continue as and where
brachial artery
| inferior border of trees major
305
what is the action of extensor pollicis longus
extends all thumb joints
| carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal
306
what are the attachments of pronator teres
medial epicondyle + coronoid process of ulna
| mid shaft of radius
307
what are the actions of the coracobrachialis
flex arm at shoulder
| weak adduction
308
what does the brachial artery bifurcate into
radial and ulna artery
309
what are the attachments of the rhomboid major
spinous process of T2-5
| medial border of scapula
310
where are the sub scapular group of lymph nodes
posterior axillar
| receive from posterior thoracic wall and scapular region
311
what are the superficial muscles of the posterior forearm
```
brachioradialis
extensor cari radialis longus/ brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
ancones
```
312
how is movement produced at the proximal radioulnar joint
head of radius rotates within the annular ligament
313
what are the attachments of the pec minor
3-5th ribs
| coracoid process of scapula
314
what side of the humeral head does the greater tuberosity lie
lateral
315
what does the subclavian artery continue as and where
axillary artery
| lateral border of the 1st rib
316
what 3 muscles attach to the coracoid process of the scapula
pec minor
corachobrachialais
biceps branchii
317
what is the name of the 2 projections at the distal end of the humerus
lateral and medial epicondyle
318
what movements can occur at the shoulder joint
flexion, extension
adduction, abduction
medial/ lateral rotation
319
how would a mid shaft fracture of the humerus result in wrist drop
radial nerve innervates extensors of the wrist
320
what is the most common cause of tendonitis
overuse
321
what are the attachments of the trapezius
originates from skull, nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T12
attach to clavicle, acromion and scapular spine
322
where does the supraspinatus muscle originate
supraspinous fossa - above spine of scapula
323
what is the action of the triceps muscles
extension of the arm at the elbow
324
what is the most common fracture of the wrist and what happens
Colle's fracture - fall onto outstretched hand
radius fracture +/- ulnar styloid process
dinner fork deformity
325
which of the epicondyles is the common flexor origin
medial
326
what do the superficial lymph vessels of the arm lie with
superficial veins
327
what arteries supply the shoulder joint
anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries
| branches of axillary
328
what is the difference between the right and left subclavian artery
right - branch of brachiocephalic trunk
| left - branch of arch of aorta
329
what happens in a monteggias fracture
force from behind ulna fractures proximal shaft, head of radius dislocates anteriorly at the elbow
330
which 3 muscles extend the medial 4 digits
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor indicis proprius
331
does the cephalic vein ascend up the arm on the medial or lateral side
antero-lateral aspect of the arm
332
what muscles abduct the wrist
abductor pollicis longus
flexor carpi radialis
extensor carpi radialis longus/ brevis
333
what are the attachments of the supraspinatus
supraspinous fossa of scapula
| greater tubercle of humerus
334
what muscle do the median nerve and ulnar artery pass under
flexor digitorum superficialis
335
what muscles abduct the shoulder joint
first 15 degrees- supraspinatus
middle deltoid does rest
past 90 the scapula needs to rotate
336
what ligament spans form the coracoid process to the greater tubercle of the humerus
coracohumeral ligament
337
what is the action of the infraspinatus
laterally rotate arm
338
what muscle in the posterior compartment is the exception to the extensor rule
brachioradialis
339
what factors contribute to the stability of the shoulder joint
rotator cuff muscles
glenoid labrum - fibrocartilaginous rim
ligmaents
biceps tendon
340
what are the names of the 2 classical fractures of the forearm
monteggia - proximal shaft of ulna
| galeazzi - distal radius
341
where does the cephalic vein enter the axilla
clavipectoral triangle - anterior wall of axilla
342
what is the innervation of the coracobrachialis
musculocutanous nerve
343
where does the medial head of the triceps brachii originate
humerus, inferior to radial groove
344
what epicondyle is inflamed in tennis elbow
lateral epicondyle - common extensor
345
what are the branches of the posterior cord
axillary
radial
superior/ inferior sub scapular nerve
thoracodorsal nerve
346
what arteries supply the wrist joint
dorsal and palmar carpal arteries (branch of ulnar and radial)
347
what is the name of the tip of the humerus that sits posteriorly between the 2 epicondyles
trochlea
348
what rotator cuff muscle attaches to the lesser tuberosity of the humerus
subscapularis
349
what muscles retract the scapula (backwards movements)
trapezius
rhomboids
latissimus dorsi
350
what are the attatchments of the brachialis muscle
humeral shaft to coronoid process of ulna
351
what nerve injury leads to wrist drop
radial
352
what bones are involved in the radio-carpal joint
lunate, scaphoid
| distal head of radius
353
what bones do the deep muscles of the posterior forearm act on (not supinator)
thumb
| index finger
354
what is the innervation of the lumbricals
lateral - index and middle finger - median nerve
| media; -pinky and ring finger - ulnar nerve
355
what do the lumbricals originate from
originate form tendon of flexor digitorum profundus
356
what nerve innervates the thenar muscles
median nerve
357
what are the groups of intrinsic muscles in the hand
thenar muscles
hypothenar muscles
lumbricals
interossei
358
how may lunate anterior dislocation manifest clinically
carpal tunnel syndromes
paraesthesia in sensory distribution of median nerve
weakness of thenar muscles
359
what are the attachments of the anconeus
```
lateral epicondyle
to olecranon (all near elbow joint)
```
360
which of the rotator cuff muscles attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus
subscapularis
| rest to greater tubercle
361
what is the characteristic sign of supraspinatus tendonitis
painful arc - pain in the meddle of abduction between 60-120 degrees - where affected area comes into contact with acromion
362
does pronation / supination occur at the elbow
no - radioulnar joint
363
what nerve may be damaged when taking a biopsy from the axilla lymph nodes
long thoracic nerve - winging of the scapula
364
what is the most common mechanism of a fracture of the clavicle
fall on the shoulder
| fall on an outstretched had
365
what are the actions of the rhomboid minor
retracts and rotates scapula
366
what is the innervation of palmaris longus
median nerve
367
what are the attachments of flexor pollicis longus
radius to distal phalanx of thumb
368
what 9 tendons travel through the carpal tunnel
1 tendon of flexor polices longus (FPL)
4 tendons of flexor digitorum profundis (FDP)
4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)
369
what are the 3 parts fo the clavicle
sternal end
shaft
acromial end
370
after the first 30 degrees abduction where does the majority of the movement occur
2 degrees shoulder joint, 1 degree scapula thoracic joint
| 2:1 scapula-humeral rhythm
371
what are the 2 most superficial back muscles
latissimus dorsi
| trapezius
372
where does the long head of the triceps brachii originate
infraglenoid tubercle
373
what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint
synovial saddle
374
what are the medial and lateral thickenings of the elbow joint capsule called
medial collateral ligament (ulnar)
| lateral collateral ligament (radial)
375
what joint does the axilla lie underneath
glenohumeral
376
what do the deep veins of the arm run beside
paired veins run either side of the artery
| pulsations assist in return
377
what are the attachments of the pec major
inter tubercular groove of humerus
clavicle head - medial 1/3
sternocostal head - sternum
378
what vein is a common site of venipuncture and why
median cubital vein
| ease of access, fixed position, superficial position
379
what is the motor function of the musculocutaneous nerve
anterior compartment of arm - biceps branchii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
- flex upper arm at the shoulder and elbow, biceps supinate
380
does the radial artery supply the anterior or posterior forearm?
posterior
| ulna anterior
381
where is the coracoid process of the scapula
originates from the superolateral costal side
| hook like projection just under clavicle
382
what trunks form the medial cord
inferior
383
what do the deep lymph vessels of the upper limb follow
major deep veins - radial, ulnar and brachial
384
what is a characteristic sign of an ulnar nerve palsy
patients can't grip paper placed between fingers
| ulnar claw - hyperextension of MCPJ, flexion at IPJ
385
where does the long head of the biceps branchii attach
supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
386
what trunks form the posterior cord
superior, middle and inferior
387
what arteries branch off the axillary artery at the level of the humeral surgical neck
anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries - supply shoulder region
sub scapular artery
388
what is the innervation of pronator teres
median nerve
389
what is a bursa
synovial fluid sac
390
what is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the shoulder
extrinsic - originate from the torso and attach to the clavicle/ scapula or humerus (superficial back)
intrinsic - originate form scapula/ clavicle and attach to the humerus
391
what shape is pronator quadratus
square
392
what is the difference in the mechanisms of a colle's and smiths fractures
colles - fall onto outstretched hand
| smiths - fall onto back of hand
393
what muscles pronate the proximal radioulnar joint
pronator teres, pronator quadratus
394
what position of the arm are the contents of the axilla most at risk of injury
arm sully abducted
395
what is the distal and proximal articulations of the wrist joint
distal - proximal row of carpal bones (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum)
proximal - distal end of the radius
396
what part of the ulna does the brachialis muscle attach to
ulna tuberosity
397
what type of bone is the pisiform carpal bone
sesamoid bone - formed within the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
398
what movements can occur at the wrist joint
flexion, extension
adduction, abduction
circumduction
399
what is the action of the palmar interossei
Adduct the fingers
400
what type of cartilage lines the shoulder joint
hyaline cartilage
401
what muscles elevate the scapula
trapezius
leveator scapulae
rhomboids
402
what trunks form the lateral cord
middle and superior
403
what nerve innervates the dorsal interossei
ulnar nerve
404
what muscles laterally rotate the shoulder joint (away from midline, thumb point out)
infrapinatus
| teres minor
405
what is the innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris
ulnar nerve
406
what are the 3 trunks formed by the roots of the brachial plexus
superior - C5-6
middle - C7
inferior - C8-T1
407
does the ulnar artery supply the anterior or posterior forearm?
anterior
| radial posterior
408
what is the innervation of pronator teres
median nerve
409
what tissue layer are the deep veins in the arms situated
underneath deep fascia
410
where does the cephalic vein terminate
combines with axillary vein in the axilla
411
what are the major superficial veins of the upper limb
cephalic and basilic
| located in subcutaneous tissue
412
what position is characteristic of erbs palsy
waiters tip - medial rotation and flexed wrists
413
what are the roots of the superior trunk
C5-6
414
what 3 muscles make up the thenar muscle group
opponens pollicis
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
415
what muscles will be affected in Klumpkes palsy
all intrinsic muscles of the hand
ulnar flexors of wrist and fingers
(T1)
416
what is the action of the abductor pollicis brevis
abducts the thumb
417
which 3 bones does the humerus articulate with
glenoid fossa of scapula
head of radius
trochlear notch of ulna
418
what way does the humeral head lie
medial
419
what ligament aids in the proximal radioulnar joint
annular radial ligament - forms collar around, reduces friction
420
what are the attachments of palmaris longus
medial epicondyle
| flexor retinaculum of wrist
421
what is the function of the serrates anterior
rotates scapula - lateral and forward
422
where does lymph travel after the apical nodes
subclavian lymphatic trunk
423
what is the action of flexor digit minimi
flexes MCP joint of little finger
424
what is the lateral border of the anatomical snuff box
tendon of extensor pollicis brevis
| tendon of abductor pollicis brevis
425
what are the attachments of the subscapularis
originates from sub scapular fossa (costal surface)
| to lesser tubercle
426
what is the name given to the middle of the 2 forearm bones
interosseous membrane
427
what are the actions of flexor digitorum profundus
flex DIPJ
flex metacarpophalangeal joint
flex wrist
428
what are the 2 other muscles in the palm that are not thenar/ hypothenar/ interossei/ lumbricals
palmaris brevis
| adductor pollicis
429
what is the superior border of the cubital fossa
imaginary line between medial an lateral epicondyles
430
where does the cephalic vein originate
lateral end of the dorsal venous arch
431
what is the innervation of the rhomboid muscles
dorsal scapular nerve
432
what is the innervation of the trapezius
accessory neve CN XI
433
what is the innervation of abductor pollicis longus
radial nerve
434
what happens on a galeazzis fracture
fracture to the distal radius, ulna head dislocates at radioulnar joint
435
what would occur if the axillary nerve was damaged in a patients
paralysis of deltoid and teres minor
difficulty performing abduction
sensation lost form regimental badge area
436
what is the action of the brachioradialis
flexes elbow
437
what muscles will be effected in Erb palsy
deltoid, teres minor
supraspinatus, infraspinatus
biceps branchii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
(C5/6)
438
what muscles laterally rotate the scapula (elevate glenoid cavity)
trapezius
| serratus anterior
439
what is the innervation of the infraspinatus
supra scapular nerve
440
what muscles attach to the shaft of the clavicle
```
deltoid
trapezius
subclavian
pectorals major
sternocleidomastoid
sternohyoid
```
441
what bones do the metacarpals attach with
proximal phalanges
| carpal bones
442
what is the arterial supply to the triceps muscles
profunda brachii artery
443
what is the action of opponens digiti minimi
opposes little finger by rotating the metacarpal of little finger
444
what is the medial border of the cubital fossa
lateral border of pronator teres
445
what 2 carpal bones does the radius articulate with
scaphoid
| lunate
446
what is the action of the dorsal interossei
ABduct the fingers
447
what nerve innervates flexor pollicis brevis
median nerve
448
what muscles attach to the superior surface of the olecranon
triceps branchii
449
how many carpal cones are there in each hand
8
450
what are the attatchments of the brachioradialis
proximal aspect of the lateral supcondylar ridge of the humerus
distal end of the radius
451
what set of muscles attach to the lateral epicondyle
forearm extensors
452
what is the purpose of synovial fluid
reduce friction between articulating structures
453
where are the lateral (humeral) group of lymph nodes
lateral wall of axilla
| receive majority of lymph form upper limb
454
what is the action of the latissimus dorsi
extends arm
adducts arm
medially rotates arm - at the shoulder
455
what is the action of abductor pollicis longus
abducts the thumb
456
which nerve innervates the hypothenar eminence
ulnar nerve
457
what are the nerve roots of the median nerve
C6- T1 - lateral and medial
458
what is the innervation of extensor indices proprius
radial nerve
459
what muscles does the musculocutanous nerve pierce first on its course
coracobrachialis
460
what is the innervation of the subscapularis
subscapular nerve
461
what does the ulnar artery enter the hand between
anterior to flexor retinaculum
| laterally to ulnar nerve
462
how does movement occur at the distal radioulnar joint
ulnar notch of radius slides anteriorly over head of ulnar
463
where are the central group of lymph nodes
base of axilla (deep to pec minor)
| receive limb from efferent vessels from the pectoral, subscpular and humeral axillary lymph nodes
464
what network in the hand does the cephalic vein arise from
dorsal venous network
465
what is the action of abductor digiti minimi
abduct little finger
466
what nerves form the brachial plexus
ventral rami of C5-T1
467
what muscles supinate the proximal radioulnar joint
supinator, biceps branchii
468
what is the action of the brachialis muscle
flexion at elbow
469
what bone forms the floor of the carpal tunnel
scaphoid + trapezium
470
what are the attachments of the lattisimus dorsi
spinous processes of T6-12 . iliac crest
| tendon attaches to inertubercular groove of humerus
471
what muscle forms the floor of the cubital fossa
brachialis
472
is the ulna involved in the wrist joint
no - prevented by articular disk (fibrocartilaginous ligament)
473
what are the contents of the axilla
```
axillary artery
axillary vein
brachial plexus
biceps branchi & corachorachialis
axillary lymph nodes
```
474
what is the glenohumeral joint and articulation between
head of humerus with glenoid cavity of scapula
475
what 3 nerves innervate the wrist
radial, median and ulnar
476
what is the only muscle that can flex the distal interphalangeal joints
flexor digitorum profundus
477
is the extensor digiti minimi medial or lateral to extensor digitorum
medial
478
what are the actions of the anconeus
extends elbow joint
| abducts ulna during pronation of forearm
479
what nerves innervate the pec major
lateral and medial pectoral nerve
480
what muscles medially rotate the shoulder joint (towards midline, thumb point inward)
```
subscapularis
anterior deltoid
pectoralis major
teres major
latissimus dorsi
```
481
what are the nerve roots of the axillary nerve
C5, 6 - posterior cord
482
where does the clavicle extend from
sternum to acromion of scapula
483
what muscles medially rotate the scapula (depress the glenoid cavity
```
gravity
leveator scapulae
rhomboids
pectorals major
latissimus dorsi
```
484
what are the attachments of the extensor pollicis longus
posterior ulna/ interosseus membrane
| distal phalanx of thumb
485
where does the basilic vein originate
medial end of the dorsal venous arch
486
what is a dermatome
the area of skin supplied by one spinal segment
487
what nerve innervates all the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm
radial nerve
488
what bone does the trochlea of the humerus articulate with
trochlear notch of ulnar
489
what is the innervation of extensor carpi radialis longus/ brevis
radial nerve
