Lower Limb Anatomy Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Describe the characteristic features of the hip joint
A
- Diarthrodial joint
- Weight bearing
- Ball and socket
2
Q
Name the static and dynamic stabilisers of the hip
A
- Static: bony morphology (congruence and anteversion of ball and socket) and labrum (negative intra-articular pressure)
- Dynamic: musculature
3
Q
Name the two superficial veins of the lower limb
A
- Great saphenous vein
- Short saphenous vein
4
Q
Where does the short saphenous vein drain into?
A
Popliteal vein
5
Q
Where does the great saphenous vein drain into?
A
Femoral vein
6
Q
Name the important lymph node groups in the lower limb
A
Superficial inguinal, deep inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes
7
Q
Why is the hip joint more stable than the shoulder joint?
A
Deeper socket - less dependent on muscles
8
Q
What is the acetabular labrum and what is its function?
A
Fibrocartilaginous collar - lines the rim of the cavity and deepens the hip joint
9
Q
List the 3 main ligaments of the hip joint
A
- Iliofemoral
- Pubofemoral
- Ischiofemoral
10
Q
What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?
A
It prevents hyperextension of the hip joint
11
Q
What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?
A
It prevents hyper abduction of the hip joint
12
Q
Name the flexors of the hip
A
- Iliacus and psoas major form iliopsoas
- Pectineus
- Sartorius
- Adductus longus
13
Q
Name the extensors of the hip
A
- Gluteus maximus
- Biceps femoris
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
14
Q
Which muscle is the main extensor of the hip joint?
A
Gluteus maximus
15
Q
Which muscle is the main flexor of the hip joint?
A
Iliopsoas
16
Q
Name the adductor muscles of the hip
A
- Adductor longus
- Adductor brevis
- Adductor magnus
- Gracilis
- Obturator externus
17
Q
Which nerve supplies the adductor compartment of the hip?
A
Obturator nerve
18
Q
Name the abductors of the hip
A
- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Tensor fascialata
19
Q
Name the medial rotators of the hip
A
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Tensor fascia lata
- (+adductor longus, brevis and magnus and pectineus)
20
Q
Name the three compartments of the thigh
A
- Anterior/extensors of the knee/quadriceps
- Medial/adductors of the hip
- Posterior/flexors of the knee/hamstrings
21
Q
Name the four heads of quadriceps femoris
A
- Rectus femoris
- Vastus medialis
- Vastus lateralis
- Vastus intermedius
22
Q
Which nerve innervates the anterior thigh muscles?
A
Femoral nerve (L2-4)
23
Q
What is the action of rectus femoris on the hip joint?
A
Flexion
24
Q
Which muscle forms the the quadriceps tendon which continues as the patellar ligament?
A
Quadriceps femoris
25
What is the action of the quadriceps?
- Mainly extensors of the knee
| - Some are hip flexors
26
What are the actions of sartorius?
- Flexion of the hip
- Abduction of the leg
- Lateral rotation of the hip
- Flexion of the knee
27
Name the adductors of the leg
- Adductor magnus
- Adductor brevis
- Adductor longus
- Gracilis
- Obturator externus
28
Which nerve innervates the medial thigh musles?
Obturator nerve
29
The femoral artery is a continuation of which artery?
External iliac artery
30
The femoral artery enters the thigh between which two bony landmarks?
- ASIS
| - Pubic tubercle
31
Which vein does the femoral vein drain into?
External iliac vein
32
Which two veins drain into the femoral triangle?
- Profunda femoris vein
| - Great saphenous vein
33
List the muscles supplied by the femoral nerve
- Sartorius
- Pectineus
- Iliacus
- Quadriceps femoris
34
Which structures form the borders of the femoral triangle?
- Medial border: adductor longus
- Lateral border: sartorius
- Base: Pectineus, iliopsoas and adductor longus
35
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
Femoral artery, vein and nerve
36
What is the femoral sheath and what does it contain
- A funnel shaped fascial tube
- Surrounds the proximal parts of the femoral vessels and medially the femoral canal which contains deep inguinal lymph nodes
37
Where does the adductor canal run?
From the femoral triangle to the popliteal fossa under the musculature
38
What are the contents of the adductor canal?
- Femoral artery
- Femoral vein
- Nerve to vastus medialus
- Saphenous nerve
39
Name the two major nerves of the lumbar plexus
- Femoral
| - Obturator
40
What are the nerve roots of the lumbar plexus?
L1-4
41
Which structures make up the pelvic girdle?
- Sacrum
- Right and left hip bones
- Pubic symphysis
- Sacroiliac joints
42
Which foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the pelvis?
Greater sciatic
43
Which foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the perineum?
Lesser sciatic foramen
44
Which muscles make up the superficial gluteal region ?
- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Tensor fasciae latae
45
Which muscles make up the deep gluteal region?
- Piriformis
- Obturator internus
- Superior and inferior gemelli
- Quadratus femoris
46
What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?
Fascia lata
47
What is the name for the lateral part of the fascia lata?
Iliotibial tract
48
Which two muscles are attached to the iliotibial tract?
- Tensor fascia latae
| - Gluteus maximus
49
What is the innervation of gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve
50
What is the innervation of gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fasciae latae?
Superior gluteal nerve
51
What is the action the deep muscles in the gluteal region?
Stabilisation of the hip and lateral rotation of the hip
52
What are the nerve roots of the sacral plexus?
L4-S4
53
Name the two main branches of the sacral plexus
- Sciatic nerve
| - Pudendal nerve
54
Which nerve roots form the lumbosacral trunk?
L4 and 5
55
Name the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve
- Tibial nerve
| - Common fibular nerve
56
Name the hamstring muscles
-Long and short heads of biceps femoris
-
Semimembranosus
-Semitendinosus
57
What are the actions of the hamstring muscles?
Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee
58
Which nerve innervates the hamstring muscles?
Sciatic nerve
59
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Synovial hing
60
Which leg bone is not involved in the knee joint?
Fibula
61
Which muscle is most important in stabilising the knee joint?
Quadriceps femoris
62
Name the two collateral ligaments of the knee and where they run
- Fibular/lateral: lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula
- Tibial/medial: medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial surface of the tibia
63
Name the two crucuiate ligaments
Anterior and posterior crucuiate ligament
64
What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?
It prevents the femur from sliding anteriorly and prevents hyperextension of the knee
65
What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?
It prevents the femur from sliding posteriorly
66
What are the functions of the menisci of the knee?
Deepen the surface and provide shock absorption
67
Name the muscles that flex the knee?
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
- Biceps femoris
68
Name the muscles that extends the knee
Quadriceps
69
Name the bursae that surround the knee joint
- Suprapatellar
- Subcutaneous
- Deep infrapatellar
- Subcutaeous infrapatellar
70
Name the three compartments of the leg
- Anterior
- Lateral
- Posterior
71
Name the four muscles of the anterior compartment
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Extensor hallicus longus
- Fibularis tertius
72
What are the actions of the anterior compartment muscles of the leg?
Dorsiflexion of the ankle and extension of the toes
73
Name the two branches of the common fibular nerve
Superficial and deep fibular
74
What is the innervation of the anterior compartment muscles of the leg?
Deep fibular n.
75
What is the blood supply to the anterior leg?
Anterior tibial artery
76
Name the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg
- Fibularis longus
| - Fibularis brevis
77
What are the actions of the lateral muscles of the leg?
- Eversion of the foot
| - Weak plantarflexion
78
What is the innervation of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular n.
79
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial hinge
80
Name the articular surfaces of the ankle
Distal end of the tibia and fibula and the superior part of the talus bone
81
When is the malleolar grip strongest?
During dorsiflexion of the ankle joint
82
When is the ankle joint most unstable?
During plantarflexion of the ankle
83
Name the ligaments of the ankle joint
- Medial
- Lateral
- Calcaneofibular
84
Which muscles dorsiflex the ankle?
Anterior compartment:
- Tibialis anterior
- Fibularis tertius
- Extensor hallicus longus
- Extensor digitorum longus
85
Which muscles plantarflex the ankle?
Posterior Compartment:
- Gatrocnemius
- Soleus
- Plantoris
- Flexor hallicus longus
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Tibialis posterior
86
What type of joint is the superior tibio-fibular joint?
Plane
87
What type of joint is the inferior tibio-fibular joint?
Fibrous
88
Which structures make up the borders of the popliteal fossa?
- Upper medial border: semimembranous/ semitendinous
- Upper lateral border: biceps femoris
- Inferior border: lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius
89
Name the contents of the popliteal fossa
- Fat
- Popliteal artery
- Popliteal vein
- Tibial nerve
- Common fibular nerve
- Popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic nodes
90
What is the innervation of gastrocnemius?
Tibial nerve (S1-2)
91
What is the action of plantaris?
Proprioception
92
Which nerve innervates the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
93
Which branch of the popliteal artery supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
Posterior tibial artery
94
Name the deep muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg
- Popliteus
- Tibialis posterior
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor hallicus longus
95
What is the deep fascia of the foot called?
Plantar fascia
96
Name the muscles in the first layer of the foot
- Abductor digiti minimi
- Abductor hallucis
- Flexor digitorum brevis
97
Name the muscles in the second layer of the foot
- Quadratus plantae
| - Flexus hallucis longus
98
Name the terminal branches of the tibial nerve
Medial and lateral plantar nerves
99
Name the terminal branches of the posterior tibial artery
Lateral and medial plantar arteries
100
Name the muscles in the 3rd layer of the foot
- Flexor digit minimi brevis
- Adductor hallucis (oblique and transverse)
- Flexor hallucis brevis
- Abductor hallucis
101
Name the muscles in the 4th layer of the foot
- Dorsal interossei
| - Plantar interossei
102
What is the function of the plantar interossei?
Adduction of the digits
103
What is the action of the dorsal interossei?
Abduction of the digits
104
Name the passive factors which maintain the integrity of the arches of the foot
- Shape of the bones
- Plantar aponeurosis
- Long plantar ligament
- Short plantar ligament
105
Name the dynamic factors which maintain the integrity of the arch of the foot
- Intrinsic muscles of the foot
- Long flexor tendons
- Tendon of tibialis anterior and fibularis longus
106
What is the blood supply to the femoral head?
-Medial and lateral femoral circumflex
107
What are the functions of meniscii of the knee?
- Load transmission
- Stability
- Proprioception
- Shock absorption
108
Name the invertors of the foot
- Tibialis anterior
| - Tibialis posterior
109
Name the evertors of the foot
- Fibularis lonus
| - Fibularis brevis
