Lower limb - bones and joints

Question 1

What type of joint is the hip joint?

Answer 1

Ball and socket synovial

Question 2

What is the only intracapsular ligament of the hip joint?

Answer 2

ligament of head of femur

Question 3

What is enclosed in the ligament of head of femur?

Answer 3

Obturator artery (artery to head of femur)

Question 4

What are the 3 extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint?

Answer 4

Ischiofemoral
Pubofemoral
Iliofemoral

Question 5

What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?

Answer 5

Prevents hyperextension
Y shaped
Anterior and superior

Question 6

What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?

Answer 6

Prevents excessive abduction and extension
Triangle shaped
Anterior and inferior

Question 7

What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament?

Answer 7

Prevents excessive extension

Spiral orientation

Question 8

Which ligament is posterior?

Answer 8

Ischiofemoral

Question 9

Which hip ligament is the weakest?

Answer 9

Ischiofemoral

Question 10

Which arteries largely supply the hip joint?

Answer 10

Medial circumflex femoral artery

Question 11

The circumflex femoral arteries are branches from which artery?

Answer 11

Profunda femoris

Question 12

What factors help to stabilise the hip joint?

Answer 12

1. Acetabulum - deep
2. Acetabular labrum
3. Strong extra capsular ligaments
4. Reciprocal nature of muscles and ligaments
   - posterior ligaments are weaker but medial rotators are strong

Question 13

The ligaments have a spiral orientation. This means they are tighter when the joint is __________.

Answer 13

Extended

Question 14

Extension at the hip is limited by which ligament?

Answer 14

iliofemoral

Question 15

Which type of hip dislocation is most common, why?

Answer 15

Posterior as it tears through the posterior part of the joint capsule is the weakest

Question 16

How would a posterior dislocated hip present?

Answer 16

Shortened, medially rotated

Question 17

Which nerve is at risk with posterior dislocation?

Answer 17

Sciatic nerve

Question 18

What type of joint is the knee joint?

Answer 18

Synovial

Question 19

What are the 2 articulations of the knee joint?

Answer 19

Tibiofemoral

Patellofemoral

Question 20

What are the menisci made of?

Answer 20

Fibrocartilage

Question 21

What are the 2 functions of the menisci?

Answer 21

Deepen the articular surface -stability

Shock absorbers

Question 22

Which meniscus is attached to the tibial collateral ligament?

Answer 22

Medial meniscus

Question 23

Damage to the tibial collateral ligament results in damage of which meniscus?

Answer 23

Medial

Question 24

Which meniscus is smaller and more mobile?

Answer 24

Lateral

Question 25

What are the 4 bursae in the knee joint?

Answer 25

Suprapatella Prepatella Infrapatella Semimembranosus

Question 26

What is a bursa?

Answer 26

Synovial fluid filled sac

Question 27

What are the 3 major types of ligaments at the knee joint?

Answer 27

1. Patellar ligament 2. Collateral ligaments 3. Cruciate ligaments

Question 28

What does the patellar ligament attach to?

Answer 28

Tibial tuberosity

Question 29

What are the 2 collateral knee ligaments?

Answer 29

``` Tibial collateral (medial) Fibular collateral (lateral) ```

Question 30

What is the function of the collateral knee ligaments?

Answer 30

Present medial or lateral movement

Question 31

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

Answer 31

limites posterior rolling of the femur on the tibia

Question 32

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?

Answer 32

limits anterior rolling of the femur on the tibia

Question 33

What is the unhappy triad?

Answer 33

Injury to tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus and ACL.

Question 34

What is housemaid's knee?

Answer 34

Inflammation of prepatella bursa

Question 35

What is clergyman's knee?

Answer 35

Inflammation of the infrapatella bursa

Question 36

How is the ACL usually torn?

Answer 36

Hyperextensionn of the knee joint

Question 37

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

Answer 37

Synovial hinge joint

Question 38

Which 3 bones form the ankle joint?

Answer 38

Fibia, fibula and talus

Question 39

What is the name of the socket formed by the fibula and tibia?

Answer 39

Mortise - bucket shaped

Question 40

When standing, what are the main weight-bearing bones in the limb?

Answer 40

Femur, tibia and calcaneus

Question 41

How will a patient with intertrochanteric fracture of the femur present, why?

Answer 41

Shortening and lateral rotation because of iliopsoas muscle

Question 42

Which tendon is commonly damaged when the 5th metatarsal bone is fractured?

Answer 42

Peroneus brevis, attaches to 5th metatarsal.

Question 43

The dorsalis pedis is a continuation of which artery?

Answer 43

Anterior tibial artery

Question 44

What are the 4 signs of osteoarthritis on an X ray?

Answer 44

Decreased joint space Osteophytes Bone cysts Subchondral sclerosis

Question 45

Which type of hip fracture is at risk of avascular necrosis?

Answer 45

Intracapsular fractures, as the blood supply penetrates the bone within the capsule.

Question 46

How would you treat an intracapsular femur fracture, e.g sub capital?

Answer 46

Hemiarthroplasty ( replace femoral head) or total hip replacement

Question 47

How would you treat an extracapsular femur fracture, e.g intertrochanteric?

Answer 47

Dynamic hip screw as blood supply should be retained

Question 48

Which ligaments convert the greater and lesser sciatic notches into foramina?

Answer 48

Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments