Lower Limb Terminology Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
lower limb definition
A
- extends from the gluteal region to the foot.
- specialized for supporting weight, maintaining balance & locomotion
2
Q
6 regions of the lower limb
A
- gluteal (btwn pelvic iliac crest sup. & gluteal fold inf.)
- femoral (btwn hip & knee)
- knee (joint btwn leg & thigh)
- leg (btwn knee & foot)
- ankle
- foot
3
Q
4 main eminences/protuberances of the Femur
A
- head
- greater trochanter
- lesser trochanter
- lower extremity
- the shaft of the femur is cylindrical w/a rough line on its posterior surface (linea aspera)
4
Q
Knee (patella)
A
- triangular sesamoid bone
- protects knee joint
- improves leverage of thigh muscles acting across the knee
- contained w/in patellar ligament
5
Q
Tibia
A
- receives weight of body from femur & transmits to foot
- second to femur in size & weight
- articulates w/ fibula proximally & distally
6
Q
interosseous membrane
A
(in tibia)
- tough fibrous membrane which runs btwn the interosseous borders of the tibia & fibula
- serves to bind the bones together
7
Q
anterior tibiofibular ligament
A
ligament that binds the ant. aspect of the tibiofibular syndesmosis
8
Q
Posterior tibiofibular ligaments
A
bind to the lateral malleolus of the fibula to the lower end of the tibial shaft
9
Q
fibula
A
- does not bear weight
- muscle attachement
- not part of knee joint
- stabilizes ankle joint
10
Q
Tarsals/food bones
A
- tarsals=ankle
- 7 tarsal bones
- talus=ankle bone
- calcaneus=heal bone
- navicular=”like a little boat”
- 3 cuneiform bones=wedge shaped-lat., intermed, medial
- cuboid=cube shaped
11
Q
Ankle
A
talus is the only bone that articulates w/ the fibula & tibia to form the ankle joint
-during walking the talus distributes about half the weight to the calcaneus, the rest to the other tarsal bones.
12
Q
talocrural joint
A
- aka ankle joint
- tibia medial malleolus
- fibula lateral malleolus
13
Q
Mortise & tendon joint
A
- 2 bones come together @ ankle joint to form a stable structure
- movements at this joint: inversion (inward), eversion (outward), flexion, extension.
14
Q
metatarsals
A
- 5 metatarsal bones
- numbered I-V medial to lateral
- each has a proximal base, an intermediate shaft & a distal head
15
Q
tarsometatarsal joints
A
joint formed when the 1st, 2nd, & 3rd cuneiform bones articulate proximally with the cuboid
16
Q
metatarsophalangeal joint
A
metatarsals articulate distally with the phalanges to for this joint
17
Q
sesamoid bones
A
-always present @ the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe
18
Q
why sesamoid bones present at big toe?
A
to protect the tendon that flexes the toe [flexor hallicus longus/brevis] by protecting it form the body’s weight
19
Q
phalanges (foot)
A
- numbered I-V (med.to lat.)
- each phalanx: proximal base, intermediate shaft & distal head
20
Q
Hallux
A
(aka big toe)
-has 2 phalanges [proximal &distal]
21
Q
interphalangeal joints
A
between phalanges
22
Q
Arches of the foot
A
- 2 arches held by tendons & ligaments
- allow foot to support weight of the body
- 40% ball of foot
- 60% heal of foot
- leverage for walking
23
Q
longitudinal arch
A
- higher on the medial side
- made up of the 1st three digits and their metatarsals, the cuneiforms, the navicular bone & the talus
24
Q
lateral longitudinal arch
A
-is made up of digits 4 & 5 and their metatarsals, the cuboid & the calcaneum
(it is much shallower than the medial arch)
25
Transverse arch
- primarily formed by the 5 metatarsal bones
- are incomplete
- a complete arch is formed when both feet are together
26
plantar aponeurosis
plays an important part in maintaining the medial longitudinal arch
27
plantar fasciitis
"heel spurs"
- an overuse injury affecting the sole or flexor surface (plantar) of the tough, fibrous band of tissue (fascia) connecting your heel bone to the base of your toes is inflammed
- starts gradually w/mild pain @ the heel bone often referred to as a stone bruise
28
Higher risk for plantar fasciitis
1. female
2. overweight
3. a lot of walking/standing on hard surfaces
4. walk or run for exercise
5. very flat feet or very high arches
29
Retinaculae
1. superior extensor retinaculum
2. flexor retinaculum
3. inferior extensor retinaculum
- in order for these flexor & extensor tendons to perform their duty properly they must be kept close to the bones of the ankle. These 3 structures keep them close
30
sup. & inf. peroneal retinaculum
keep the tendons of the peroneus longs & brevis close to the lateral malleolus
-foot turns inward if have a torn retinaculum can surgically reattach it.
31
muscles of 1st layer of foot (after the plantar aponeurosis)
1. arteries & nerves entering the foot
2. abductor hallicus
3. flexor digitorium brevis
4. abductor digiti minimi
32
muscles of 2nd layer (flexor digitorium brevis is removed)
1. accessory flexor (quadratus plantae)
2. lumbricals
3. tendons of the flexor digitorum longs form which the lumbricals arise
33
muscles of 3rd layer
1. flexor hallicus brevis
2. adductor hallicus
- oblique head (diagonal muscle under transverse)
- transverse head (under 2nd, 3rd, 4th toe)
3. flexor digiti minimi brevis
- @ the 3rd level you can also see the tendon of the peroneus longs crossing the sole of the foot
34
surface anatomy of lower limb
1. femoral triangle
2. sartorius muscle
3. adductor longus muscle
4. rectus femoris muscle
5. gracilis muscle
6. vastus lateralis muscle
7. vastus medialis muscle
35
femoral triangle & ant. thigh
- deep to the skin (cutaneous nerves & veins of the thigh & the fascia lata
- fossa ovalis, falciform margin (where veins & arteries come out)
36
fascia lata
deep fascia of the thigh. encloses the thigh muscle and forms the outer limits of fascial compartments of the thigh
37
Femoral triangle
-femoral artery, vein, ring (usually contains lymph node)
38
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
receive lymph drainage from the entire lower limb & the superficial structures of the perineum
39
floor of the femoral triangle
1. iliopsas muscle
2. pectineus muscle
3. sheath
40
hip joint
(femur & acetabulum)
ball-in-socket
multiaxial
synovial
41
Knee joint
(femur & patella)
- plane
- gliding of patella
- synovial
42
other knee joint
(femur & tibia)
- hinge
- biaxial
- synovial
43
ankle joint
(tibia/fibula & talus)
- Hinge
- uniaxial
- synovial
44
uniaxial
elbow
45
biaxial
fingers
46
multiaxial
shoulder
47
flexion
bending on post. side (hip is exception)
48
extension
bending on ant. side (hip is exception)
49
Hip movements
- flexion/extension
- abduction/adduction
- lateral/medial rotation
50
knee movement
flexion/extension
51
ankle movement
-dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
dorsi (upwards)/plantar (downwards)
-inversion/eversion
52
toe movement
flexion/extension
53
Ant. compartments
movement: extension
muscles: quads, shin
nerves: femoral nerve (lumbar plexus)
54
Post. compartments
movement: flexion
muscles: hamstrings, gastrocs
nerves: siatic nerve (sacral plexus)
55
Gluts (post. compartment)
gluteal nerve
| branch of siatic
56
lateral rotators (post. compartment)
spinal nerve
(branch of siatic)
-piriformis syndrome
57
Hamstrings (post. compartment)
sciatic nerve
- biceps femoris
- semimembranous
- semitendinous
58
adductor muscles (medial compartment)
obturator nerve
for:
-gracilis
-adductor longus
59
anterior leg
deep fibular nerve
- fibularis longus
- extensor digitorium longus
- extensor hallicus longus
- tibialis anteriorus
60
lateral leg
superficial fibular nerve
| -fibularis brevis/longus
61
posterior leg
tibial nerve
- gastrocs & soleus
- flexor digitorium longus
- flexor hallicus longus
62
dermatomes
show twisting of leg in development
63
blood supply to the lower limb
1. internal iliac
| 2. external iliac
64
internal iliac blood supply
- cranial & caudal gluteals=gluteals
- internal pudendal=perineum, external genitalia
- obturator=adductor muscles
65
external iliac blood supply
femoral=lower limb
| popliteal=continuation of lower limb
66
vascular of lower limb
1. superficial veins
| 2. posterior lower leg
67
superficial veins (vascular of lower limb)
1. great (long) saphenous vein
| 2. sapheno-femoral junction
68
posterior lower leg (vascular)
1. small (short) saphenous vein
| 2. sapheno-popliteal junction
69
3 main groups of lymphatic drainage in lower limbs
1. superficial inguinal lymph nodes
2. deep inguinal lymph nodes
3. popliteal lymph nodes
70
popliteal lymph nodes
- sm in size & some 6 or 7 in #
- are embedded in the fat contained in the popliteal fossa
- they receive lymph from:
1. knee joint
2. deep lymph vessels from leg along ant. & post. tibial arteries
3. superficial lymph vessels form leg & foot along sm saphenous vein
* their efferents drain into deep inguinal lymph nodes
