Nervous System Review and Urinary System Terminology

Question 1

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 1

• a system of central and peripheral nerves that innervates the internal organs (SNS, PNS, ENS)
• are multiple, widespread & relatively slow; balances synaptic excitation & inhibition to achieve widely coordinated & graded control

Question 2

somatic nervous system

Answer 2

part of the PNS the innervates skin, joints and skeleton muscle

Question 3

2 divisions of the ANS

Answer 3

1. sympathetic

2. parasympathetic

Question 4

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 4

• fight or flight
• situations activate a series of response
• increased heart rate, respiration and BP
• decrease digestive & reprodcution
• peripheral axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.

Question 5

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 5

• maintains heart rate, respiration, metabolic & digestive system under normal conditions
• its peripheral axons emerge from the brain stem and the sacral spinal cord.

Question 6

alpha motor neurons

Answer 6

• part of somatic NS

- can excite skeletal muscles w/ accuracy but can only excite peripheral targets

Question 7

NT’s for sympathetic pre & post ganglionic cells?

Answer 7

pre: ACh (cholinergic)
post: NE (far reaching effect)

Question 8

NT’s for parasympathetic pre & post ganglionic cells?

Answer 8

pre: ACh
post: ACh (local effect)

Question 9

sympathetic chain

Answer 9

is a series of interconnected sympathetic ganglia at the ANS, adjacent to the vertebrae column

Question 10

collateral/prevertebral/preaortic ganglion

Answer 10

sympathetic ganglia which lie between the sympathetic chain and the organ of supply

Question 11

Nerves of the pelvis are derived from the:

Answer 11

1. lumbosacral plexus
2. inferior mesenteric plexus
3. sympathetic chain

Question 12

lumbosacral pelxus

Answer 12

• made up of L4-S4
• L4 & L5 merge to for the lumbosacral trunk
• L4, L5, S1, S2, S3 forms the sciatic nerve and other combinations form the superior and inferior gluteal nerve

Question 13

lumbosacral trunk

Answer 13

• it is nervous tissue that connects the lumbar plexus with the sacral plexus
• merge occurs at L4 and L5

Question 14

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3 form what?

Answer 14

the sciatic nerve and other combinations form the superior and inferior gluteal nerve

Question 15

S2, S3, S4 form what?

Answer 15

the pudendal nerve, that supplies to structures in the perineum

Question 16

inferior mesenteric plexus

Answer 16

-starts in the abdomen @ point of origin of the inferior mesenteric artery and passes along the aorta to the pre sacral region

Question 17

splitting of the inf. mesenteric plexus

Answer 17

as the inf. mesenteric plexus drops into the pelvis, it usually splits up into a R and L hypograstic plexus that lies behind the rectum.

Question 18

sacral sympathetic chain

Answer 18

is the continuation of the lumbar chain

Question 19

sacral part of the parasympathetic NS

Answer 19

-arises from S2, S3 and S4 and supplies the pelvic structures as well as the left colic flexure (do not continue to the pelvis), descending colon, & sigmoid colon

Question 20

most of the nerves seen in the abdominal cavity do not continue into the pelvis except these 3:

Answer 20

1. lumbosacral trunk
2. obturator nerves
3. sympathetic trunk

Question 21

obturator nerves

Answer 21

• from L2-L4
• crosses over the pelvic brim and travels in the pelvic cavity briefly before exiting through the obturator foreman.
• its destination is the adductor compartment of the thigh

Question 22

4 “gateways” to the lower limb (via pelvis)

Answer 22

• 3 of these are located in the walls of the true pelvis; only 1 passes the true pelvis
• structures that run under the inguinal ligament:
  1. iliopsoas muscle
  2. femoral vein & artery
  3. lymphatics draining into the inguinal nodes

Question 23

exception of gateway to lower limb

Answer 23

structures passing under the inguinal ligament bypass the true pelvis entirely on their way to the leg.

Question 24

structures that run under the inguinal ligament

Answer 24

1. iliopsoas muscle
2. femoral vein & artery
3. lymphatics draining into the inguinal nodes

Question 25

structures passing to and from the limb by way of the obturator foreman

Answer 25

- obturator artery and vein/branches of the internal iliac artery and vein - constitue the main vascular supply for the medial side of the front of the thigh

Question 26

structures passing to and from the lower limb by way of the greater sciatic foramen

Answer 26

1. piriformis muscle 2. superior gluteal nerves & vessels 3. inferior gluteal nerves & vessels

Question 27

piriformis muscle

Answer 27

- inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur - ant. surface of sacrum - lateral rotator of thigh

Question 28

sup. gluteal nerves and vessels

Answer 28

- pass superior to the piriformis muscle - supply 3 muscles of the gluteal and hip region: 1. gluteus medius 2. gluteus minimus 3. tensor fascia lata

Question 29

inferior gluteal nerves and vessels

Answer 29

- pass inferior to the piriformis muscle - supply the gluteus maximus muscle - now a minor route of structures passing to and from the lower limb by way of the lesser sciatic foramen

Question 30

now a minor route of structures passing to and from the lower limb by way of the lesser sciatic foramen

Answer 30

-it transmits the tendon of the obturator internus muscle

Question 31

tendon of the obturator interns muscle

Answer 31

inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur and acts as an abductor of the thigh and hip * bring knee up to chest when lying on your back position

Question 32

sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

Answer 32

complete the great and lesser sciatic foramen

Question 33

The urinary system

Answer 33

pelvic cavity contains the terminal portions of the ureters, bladder, and beginning of the urethra

Question 34

bladder

Answer 34

located behind the pubic symphysis (empty bladder behind the pubic symphysis, when empty the bladder is entirely shielded by the pubis) -dome arise above the pubis when the bladder is full

Question 35

ureters

Answer 35

- gain access to the bladder by descending retroperitoneally | - crossing the pelvic brim and entering the bladder posterolaterally

Question 36

Urethra

Answer 36

connects the urinary bladder to the genitals for removal out of the body -inf. aspect of the bladder

Question 37

compare male and female bladders

Answer 37

urethra for males passes through the prostate gland (so much longer than in females)

Question 38

prostate gland

Answer 38

- 5 lobed - cone-shaped exocrine gland - store & secrete a slightly alkaline fluid - made up of connective tissue & smooth muscle - has a base apex and lateral surfaces

Question 39

slightly alkaline fluid from prostate

Answer 39

milky or white in appearance constitutes 20-30% of the volume of semen -along with spermatozoa and seminal vesicle fluid