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Anatomy - YR2 > Lower limbs 1 > Flashcards

Lower limbs 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hip bone also known as?

A

Innominate bone
Os Coxae
Coxal Bone
Perlvic Bone

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2
Q

What 3 bones make up the hip bone?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

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3
Q

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacrum + hip bones

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4
Q

What separates the 3 bones of the hip bone before they fuse?

A

Triradiate cartilage

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5
Q

When does the hip bone start to fuse?

A

15 years old

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6
Q

What is the socket of the hip joint called?

A

Acetabulum

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7
Q

Which of the tibia and fibula is a weight-bearing bone?

A

Tibia

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8
Q

What part of the foot is dorsum?

A

Upper surface of foot

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9
Q

What part of the foot is plantar?

A

Sole of the foot

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10
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Moving foot upwards

True extension of foot

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11
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Moving foot downwards

True flexion of foot

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12
Q

What is the anatomical name of the big toe?

A

Hallux

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13
Q

What are the 3 groups of bones in the foot?

A

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

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14
Q

What bones make up the tarsals?

A 
Calcaneus
Talus
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiforms x 3
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15
Q

What is the calcaneus bone?

A

Heel bone

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16
Q

What small pair of bones are located on the plantar side of the foot?

A

Sesamoid bones

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17
Q

What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?

A

Can take the weight of a person when person stands on their heels
Protects a very important tendon

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18
Q

What are the different arches in the foot?

A

Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch

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19
Q

What are the major joints of the lower limbs?

A 
Sacro-iliac
Pubic symphysis
Hip joint
Patello-femoral
Knee joint
Proximal tibiofibular joint
Distal tibiofibular joint
Ankle joint
Numerous joints in the foot
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20
Q

What kind of joint is the sacro-iliac joint?

A

Synovial joint, but limited mobility

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21
Q

What kind of joint is the pubic symphisis?

A

Fibrocartilaginous joint

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22
Q

What kind of joint is the hip joint?

A

Ball-and-socket synovial joint

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23
Q

What kind of joint is the patello-femoral joint?

A

Gliding synovial joint

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24
Q

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial hinge joint

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25
Q

What kind of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

Fibrous joint

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26
Q

What kind of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

A

Plane synovial joint

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27
Q

What kind of joints are the foot joints?

A

Mainly synovial

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28
Q

What are the different movements of the hip joint?

A 
Adduction
Abduction
Flexion
Extension
Lateral rotation
Medial rotation
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29
Q

What are the different parts of the acetabulum?

A

Acetabular fossa

Acetabular notch

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30
Q

What are the main 3 ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Ilio-femoral
Pubo-femoral
Ischio-femoral

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31
Q

What muscles are involved in hip flexion?

A 
Ilio-psoas
Sartorius
Tensor fascia lata
Rectus femoris
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor portion of adductor magnus
Gracilis
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32
Q

What are the muscles involved in hip adduction?

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Pectineus
Obturator externus
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33
Q

What are the muscles involved in hip extension?

A

Hamstring muscles
Posterior part of adductor magnus
Gluteus maximus

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34
Q

What muscles are involved in hip abduction?

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata

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35
Q

What are the muscles involved in hip extensor (lateral) rotation?

A 
Obturator internus and obturator externus
The Gemelli
Piriformis
Quadratus femoris
Gluteus maximus
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36
Q

What are the muscles involved hip internal medial rotation?

A

Anterior portion of gluteus medius
Anterior portion of gluteus minimus
Tesnor fascia lata

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37
Q

What are the main ligaments of the knee joint?

A 
ACL = anterior cruciate ligament
PCL = posterior cruciate ligament
MCL = medial (tibial) collateral ligament
LCL = lateral (fibula) collateral ligament
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38
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation of a bursa

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39
Q

What are some of bursa of the knee?

A
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40
Q

What bones does the ankle joint involve?

A

Fibula
Tibia
Talus

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41
Q

What are the lateral ligaments of the ankel joint?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular

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42
Q

What are the different parts of the medial ligament of the ankle joint?

A

Tibiocalconeal part
Tibionavicular part
Anterior tibiotalar part
Posterior tibiotalar part

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43
Q

How easily injured is the medial/deltoid ligament?

A

Not commonly injured

44
Q

How easily injured are the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint?

A

Very commonly and easily injured

45
Q

What are the different muscle compartments of the lower limbs?

A 
Gluteal Muscles
Hip Flexors
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Medial Thigh Muscles
Posterior Thigh Muscles
Anterior Leg Muscles
Lateral Leg Muscles
46
Q

What covers the muscle group of the thigh?

A

Facia lata

47
Q

What is the lateral band of thickened fascia that runs down the thighs?

A

Iliotibial tract

48
Q

What are the muscle compartments of the trunk?

A

Gluteal muscles - hip extensors, abductors, and lateral rotators (buttock)
Hip flexors - (pelvis/abdomen)

49
Q

What are the muscle compartments of the thigh?

A

Anterior thigh muscles - knee extensors
Medial thigh muscles - thigh adductors
Posterior thigh muscles - knee flexors

50
Q

What are the muscle compartments of the leg?

A

Anterior leg muscles - foot extensor (dorsiflexors)
Lateral leg muscles - foot everters
Posterior leg muscles - foot flexors (plantarflexors)

51
Q

What are the gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata

52
Q

What are the short external (lateral) rotators of the hip?

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
The gemelli (superior and inferior)
Quadratus femoris

53
Q

What do the gluteal muscles do?

A

Extensors, Abductors, External rotators of the hip

54
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the gluteus maximus muscle?

A

Origin : posterior gluteal line of ilium, dorsal surfaces of sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion : iliotibial tract + gluteal tuberosity of the femur

55
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the gluteus medius muscle?

A

Origin : external surface of the ilium between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines
Insertions : greater trochanter of femur

56
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the gluteus minimus muscle?

A

Origin : External surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines
Insertion : greater trochanter of the femur

57
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the piriformis?

A

Origin : anterior surface of the 2nd 3rd and 4th sacral segments and sacrotuberous ligament
Insertions : via a round tendon at the greater trochanter of the femur

58
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the superior gemellus muscle?

A

Origin : spine of the ischium
Insertions : both gemellus muscles blend together with the obturator internus to insert on the medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur

59
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the inferior gemellus muscle?

A

Origin : ischial tuberosity
Insertions : both gemellus muscles blend together with the obturator internus to insert on the medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur

60
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the obturator internus?

A

Origin: pelvic aspect of obturator membrane + pelvic bones surrounding the obturator foramen
Insertions : medial surface of greater trochanter of femur

61
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the quadratus femoris muscle?

A

Origin : lateral border of ischial tuberosity

Insertions : quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of femur and inferior to it

62
Q

What are the proximal anterior thigh muscles?

A 
Iliacus
Psoas major
Psoas minor
Pectineus 
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
63
Q

What are the origins and insertions of pectineus?

A

Origin : pecten of pubis bone

Insertions : pectineal line of the shaft of the femur

64
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the sartorius muscle?

A

Origin : anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion : superior portion of the medial surface of tibial shaft

65
Q

What are the quadricep muscles of the anterior thigh?

A

Rectus femoris (most superficial)
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius (deepest)

66
Q

What are the origins and insertions of Vastus medialis?

A

Origin : Intertrochanteric line + medial lip of the linea aspera of femur + medial intermuscular septum
Insertions : medial border of quadriceps tendon + medial side of patella ligament

67
Q

What are the origins and insertions of Vastus Intermedius?

A

Origins : anterior + lateral parts of femoral shaft + lateral intermuscular septum
Insertions : posterior surface of upper border of patella + parts of patella quadriceps tendon

68
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the Vastus lateralis?

A

Origin : posterior aspect of femur + greater trochanter + lateral lip of linea aspera
Insertions : lateral patella + quadriceps tendon

69
Q

What are the origins and insertions of Rectus femoris?

A

Origins : arises from two separate heads, long head from AIIS and short head from ilium superior to acetabulum
Insertions: forms a tendon that inserts into quadriceps tendon

70
Q

What do the quadriceps muscles do?

A

Main extensors of the leg at knee joint

71
Q

What muscles make up the medial compartment of the thigh?

A 
Adductor Longus
Adductor Brevis
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
72
Q

What do the medial compartment muscles of the thigh do?

A

Adduction of leg

73
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Semitendinous
Semimembranous
Biceps femoris

74
Q

What are the different muscle compartments of the legs?

A

Anterior (extensor)
Lateral
Posterior (flexor)

75
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial is anterior
Extensor digitorum
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus tertius

76
Q

What do the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg do?

A

Dorsiflexors - extensors of the foot

77
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Peroneus longus

Peroneus brevis

78
Q

What do the lateral muscles of the leg do?

A

Evertors of the foot at the intertarsal joints

79
Q

What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

80
Q

What do the posterior muscles of the leg do?

A

Plantarflexion

81
Q

What muscles converge to form the calcaneal tendon?

A

Gastrocnemius + soleus

82
Q

What muscle do Gastrocnemius and Soleus converge to form?

A

Triceps Surae

83
Q

What is another name for the calcaneal tendon?

A

Achilles tendon

84
Q

What are the muscles of the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Popliteal

85
Q

What are the origins and insertions of adductor longus?

A

Origin : body of pubic bone

Insertion : linea aspera of the femur

86
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the adductor brevis?

A

Origin : body and inferior ramus of pubis

Insertion : pectineal line + proximal part of linea aspera of femur

87
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the adductor Magnus?

A

Origin : inferior ramus of pubis + ramus of ischium + ischial tuberosity
Insertion : gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line, adductor tubercle of the femur

88
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the obturator externus?

A

Origin : margins of obturator foramen + membrane

Insertion : go behind the neck of femur to insert on the intertrochanteric line

89
Q

What are the origins and insertions of gracilis?

A

Origin : body + inferior ramus of the pubis

Insertion : medial aspect of the upper portion of tibia, below medial condyle

90
Q

What are the origins and insertions of semitendinous?

A

Origin : Ischial tuberosity of pelvis

Insertion : medial surface of superior portion of tibia

91
Q

What are the origins and insertions of semimembranous?

A

Origin : Ischial tuberosity

Insertion : medial condyle of tibia

92
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the biceps femoris?

A

Origin of long head : Ischial tuberosity
Origin of short head : linea aspera + supracondylar line of femur
Insertion : lateral side of head of fibula

93
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the fibularis / Peroneus longus?

A

Origin : head + upper 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula

Insertions : runs behind lateral maleolus and inserts on base of 1st metatarsal + medial cuneiform bone

94
Q

What are the origins and insertions of fibularis / peroneus brevis?

A

Origin : distal 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula

Insertions : run behind lateral malleolus and insert on tuberosity of lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal

95
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the tibialis anterior?

A

Origin : lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia + interosseous membrane
Insertions : medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform + base 1st metatarsal

96
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the extensor hallucis longus?

A

Origin : Middle portion of anterior surface of fibula + interosseous membrane
Insertions : dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of big toe

97
Q

What are the origins and insertions of extensor digitorum longus?

A

Origin : Lateral condyle of tibia + upper anterior surface of body of fibula + interosseous membrane
Insertions : middle + distal phalanges of toes 2 to 5

98
Q

What are the origins and insertions of gastrocnemius?

A

Origin of lateral head : Lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur
Origin of medial head : Posterior part of medial condyle + popliteal surface of femur above medial condyle
Insertions : joins calcaneal tendon to insert on posterior surface of calcaneus

99
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the Soleus?

A

Origin : Posterior aspect of head of fibula, posterior 1/3 of posterior body of fibula, soleal line, medial border of tibia
Insertions : joins the calcaneal tendon and inserts on posterior surface of calcaneus

100
Q

What are the origins and insertions of plantaris?

A

Origins : Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur + oblique popliteal ligament
Insertions : posterior part of calcaneus

101
Q

What are the origin and insertions of Fibularis tertius?

A

Origin : distal anterior surface of fibula

Insertion : dorsal surface of metatarsal 5

102
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the tibialis posterior?

A

Origin : posterior surface of tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion : Tuberosity of navicular bone, all cuneiform bones, cuboid bone, bases of metatarsal bones 2-4

103
Q

What are the origins and insertions of flexor digitorum longus?

A

Origin : Posterior surface of tibia

Insertion : bases of distal phalanges 2-5

104
Q

What are the origins and insertions of flexor hallucis longus?

A

Origin : distal 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula + interosseous membrane
Insertion : plantar aspect of base of distal phalanx of big toe

105
Q

What are the origin and insertions of popliteus?

A

Origin : groove for politeus muscle on lateral condyle of femur
Insertion : posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line

Anatomy - YR2 (3 decks)

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