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Anatomy - YR2 > Thorax 3 - GA > Flashcards

Thorax 3 - GA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main muscles of inspiration?

A

→ external intercostal muscle

→ scalene muscles

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2
Q

What are the origins of the external intercostal muscles?

A

originates from the sharp inferior costal border of one rib

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3
Q

What are the insertions of the external intercostal muscles?

A

insert along the outer lip of the superior border of the immediate rib below

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4
Q

What is the innervation for external intercostal muscles?

A

intercostal nerves

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5
Q

What are the different parts of the scalene muscles?

A

→ anterior
→ middle
→ posterior

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6
Q

What is the origin of the anterior scalene muscle?

A

anterior tubercles of transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C3-C6

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7
Q

What is the insertion of the anterior scalene muscle?

A

scalene tubercle of 1st rib

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8
Q

What innervates the anterior scalene muscle?

A

anterior rami of 4th-6th cervical nerves

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9
Q

What is the origin of the middle scalene muscle?

A

posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C2-C7

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10
Q

What is the insertion of the middle scalene muscle?

A

superior surface of 1st rib

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11
Q

What innervates the middle scalene muscle?

A

anterior rami of 3rd-8th cervical nerves

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12
Q

What is the origin of the posterior scalene muscle?

A

posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C4-C6

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13
Q

What is the insertion of the posterior scalene muscle?

A

external surface of 2nd rib

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14
Q

What innervates the posterior scalene muscle?

A

anterior rami of 4th-6th cervical nerves

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15
Q

What do the external intercostal muscle do?

A

contraction moves ribs up + out

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16
Q

What do the scalene muscles do?

A

contraction raises 1st + 2nd ribs up in deep inspiration

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17
Q

What are the muscles of expiration?

A

→ internal intercostal muscles

→ abdomen muscles

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18
Q

What are the origins of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

inferior border of the ribs

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19
Q

What are the insertions of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

superior borders of the ribs immediately below

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20
Q

What innervates the internal intercostal muscles?

A

intercostal nerves

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21
Q

What do the internal intercostal muscles do?

A

→ depresses ribs at their costovertebral joints

→ moves ribs down + in

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22
Q

What are the different abdomen muscle involved in expiration?

A

→ rectus abdominis
→ transversus abdominis
→ internal oblique
→ external oblique

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23
Q

What do the abdominal muscles do in expiration?

A

→ helps move ribs down + in expiration

→ assists in forced expiration e.g. coughing + sneezing

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24
Q

What artery is the main supply for the thorax? Where does it stem from?

A

thoracic arteries, stem from the respective subclavian arteries

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25
Q

What does the internal thoracic artery split off into?

A

→ pericardiacophrenic artery
→ perforating branches of the internal thoracic arteries
→ musculophrenic artery
→ superior epigastric artery

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26
Q

What does the pericardiacophrenic artery supply?

A

pericardium + diaphragm

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27
Q

What do the perforating arteries of the internal thoracic arteries supply?

A

→ pectoralis major
→ breast
→ overlying skin

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28
Q

What does the musculophrenic artery supply?

A

→ intercostal muscles
→ diaphragm
→ abdominal muscles

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29
Q

How do the veins relate to the thoracic arteries?

A

accompanying veins of the same name run alongside the arteries to drain them

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30
Q

How is the pectoral region divided?

A

→ superficial part : consisting of skin, fascia + breast tissue
→ deeper part : 3 muscles of the anterior thorax

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31
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the pectoral region?

A

→ pectoralis major
→ pectoralis minor
→ subclavius

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32
Q

What is the origin of the pectoralis major?

A

medial half of clavicle + anterior surface of sternum, costal cartilages 1-7, aponeurosis of external oblique

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33
Q

What is the insertion of the pectoralis major?

A

lateral lip of inter tubercular sulcus of humerus

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34
Q

What innervates the pectoralis major?

A

medial + lateral pectoral nerves

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35
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis major?

A

adduction, medial rotation + flexion of the humerus at the shoulder joint

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36
Q

What is the origin of the subclavius?

A

rib 1 at junction between rib + costal cartilage

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37
Q

What is the insertion of the subclavius?

A

groove on inferior surface of middle third of clavicle

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38
Q

What innervates the subclavius?

A

nerve to subclavius

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39
Q

What is the action of the subclavius?

A

pulls clavicle medially to stabilise sternoclavicular joint + depresses tip of shoulder

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40
Q

What is the origin of the pectoralis minor?

A

anterior surfaces of the 3rd, 4th, 5th ribs + deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces

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41
Q

What is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?

A

coracoid process of scapula

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42
Q

What innervates the pectoralis minor?

A

medial pectoral nerves

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43
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis minor?

A

depresses tip of shoulder + protracts scapula

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44
Q

What are the key features of the breast tissue?

A 
→ suspensory ligaments of breast
→ adipose tissue
→ lactiferous sinuses
→ lactiferous ducts
→ lobules of mammary gland
→ areola
→ nipple
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45
Q

What is the innervation for the breast?

A

→ lateral cutaneous branches of 4th + 5th intercostal nerve

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46
Q

What is the arterial blood supply for the breast?

A

→ pectoral branches of thoracoacromial artery
→ lateral mammary branches of lateral thoracic artery
→ medial mammary branches of perforating branch of internal thoracic artery

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47
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage for the breast?

A 
→ interpectoral nodes
→ anterior axillary nodes
→ superficial lymph vessels of thoracic wall
→ infraclavicular nodes
→ parasternal nodes
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48
Q

What is the venous drainage for the breast?

A

→ internal thoracic vein + lateral thoracic vein ??

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49
Q

What are the 2 main classes of back muscles?

A

→ extrinsic

→ intrinsic

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50
Q

What are extrinsic back muscles?

A

muscles where the area of origin + area of insertion are different

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51
Q

What are intrinsic back muscles?

A

area of insertion + are of origin are both in the back

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52
Q

How are back muscles further classified?

A

→ superficial
→ intermediate
→ deep

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53
Q

What innervates extrinsic back muscles?

A

anterior spinal nerve rami

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54
Q

What innervates intrinsic back muscles?

A

posterior spinal nerve rami

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55
Q

Which groups of back muscles are extrinsic?

A

superficial + intermediate

56
Q

Which groups of back muscles are intrinsic?

A

deep

57
Q

What is the general action of the superficial back muscles?

A

moves shoulder joint

58
Q

What are the superficial back muscles?

A 
→ levator scapulae muscle
→ rhomboid major
→ rhomboid minor
→ latissimus dorsi
→ trapezius
59
Q

What are the origins of the trapezius?

A

skull, ligamentum nuchae + spinous processes of C7 to T12

60
Q

What is the insertion of the trapezius?

A

clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

61
Q

What innervates the trapezius?

A

accessory nerve

62
Q

What is the action of the trapezius?

A

elevation, rotation, retraction, + depression of the scapula

63
Q

What are the origins of the latissimus dorsi?

A

spinous processes of T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, Lilian crest + inferior 3 ribs

64
Q

What is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Fibres converge into a tendon that attaches to the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

65
Q

What innervates the latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

66
Q

What is the action of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Extension, adduction and medial rotation of the upper limb

67
Q

What are the origins of the levator scapulae?

A

Transverse processes of the C1-C4 vertebrae

68
Q

What is the insertion of the levator scapulae?

A

Medial border of the scapula

69
Q

What innervates the levator scapulae?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

70
Q

What is the action of the levator scapulae?

A

Elevation of the scapula

71
Q

What are the origins of the Rhomboid major?

A

Spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae

72
Q

What is the insertion of the Rhomboid major?

A

Medial border of the scapula, between the scapula spine and inferior angle

73
Q

What innervates the Rhomboid major?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

74
Q

What is the action of the Rhomboid major?

A

Retracts and rotates the scapula

75
Q

What are the origins of the Rhomboid minor?

A

Spinous processes of C7-T1 vertebrae

76
Q

What is the insertion of the Rhomboid minor?

A

Medial border of the scapula, at the level of the spine of scapula

77
Q

What innervates the Rhomboid minor?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

78
Q

What is the action of the Rhomboid minor?

A

Retracts and rotates the scapula

79
Q

What are the intermediate back muscles?

A

→ serratus posterior superior

→ serratus posterior inferior

80
Q

What are the origins of the serratus posterior superior?

A

nuchal ligament + spinous processes of C7-T3

81
Q

What are the insertions of the serratus posterior superior?

A

external surfaces of 2nd-5th ribs

82
Q

What innervates the serratus posterior superior?

A

anterior rami of 2nd-5th thoracic nerves

83
Q

What is the action of the serratus posterior superior?

A

elevates ribs at their costovertebral joints

84
Q

What are the origins of the serratus posterior superior?

A

spinous processes of T11-L2 vertebrae

85
Q

What are the insertions of the serratus posterior superior?

A

external surfaces of 9th to 12th ribs

86
Q

What innervates the serratus posterior superior?

A

anterior rami of 9th to 12th thoracic rami

87
Q

What is the action of the serratus posterior superior?

A

depresses ribs at their costovertebral joints

88
Q

What are the 5 main different groups of deep muscle groups?

A 
Spinotransversales
Erector Spinae
Transversospinales
Segmental
Suboccipital
89
Q

How are the muscle fibres of the spinotransversales orientated?

A

Orientated superior laterally, most superficials muscles of the deep back muscles

90
Q

What does unilateral contraction of the spinotransversales do ?

A

Head turns to the side of the muscle that contracts, e.g. right contracts, head turns to right

91
Q

What does bilateral contraction of the spinotransversales do?

A

Extends the neck + points the face towards the sky

92
Q

What are the different spinotransversales muscles?

A

Splenius Capitis

Splenius cervicis / colli

93
Q

What is the origin of the Splenius capitis?

A

Lower aspect of the ligamentum nuchae + the spinous processes of C7-T3/4 vertebrae

94
Q

What is the insertion for Splenius capitis?

A

Mastoid process + occipital bone

95
Q

What is the action of the Splenius capitis?

A

Rotates head to the same side

96
Q

What innervates the Splenius capitis?

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves C3 and C4

97
Q

What is the origin for the Splenius cervicis?

A

Spinous processes of T3-T6 vertebrae

98
Q

What is the insertion for Splenius cervicis (colli)?

A

Transverse processes of C1-3/4

99
Q

What is the action of Splenius cervicis (colli)?

A

Rotate head to the same side

100
Q

What innervates the Splenius Cervicis (colli)?

A

Posterior rami of the lower cervical spinal nerves

101
Q

What groups of muscles does the erector spinae divide into?

A

Spinalis Thoracis
Longissimus Thoracis
Iliocostalis Thoracis

102
Q

What happens after the erector spinae divides into 3 muscle blocks?

A

Will further divide into lumborum, Thoracis, cervicis (colli) or capitis muscle fibres depending on what part of the vertebral column they attach to superiorly.

103
Q

What does bilateral contraction of the erector spinae muscles do?

A

Extension of the spinal chord

104
Q

What does unilateral contraction of the erector spinae muscles do?

A

Flex trunk laterally to the side of muscle contraction (e.g. right contraction = bend to the right)

105
Q

What is the general origin of the erector spinae muscles?

A

Common tendinous origin of the erector spinae

106
Q

What is the insertion of Iliocostalis erector spinae?

A

Costal angle of the ribs + the cervical transverse processes

107
Q

What is the insertion of longissimus erector spinae?

A

Lower ribs, the transverse processes of C2-T12, and the mastoid process of the skull

108
Q

What is the insertion of spinalis ?

A

Spinous processes of C2, T1-T8 and the occipital bone of skull

109
Q

What direction do the tranversospinales fibres travel in?

A

Upwards + medially = superomedially

110
Q

What does unilateral contraction of the transversospinales muscles do?

A

Vertebral column rotates to the opposite side of the muscle contraction

111
Q

What are the different groups of transversospinales muscles?

A

Semispinales
Multifidus
Rotatores

112
Q

What is the origin of the semispinalis?

A

Transverse processes of C4-T10

113
Q

What is the origin of multifidus?

A

Sacrum, iliac spine, common tendinitis origin of erector spinae, lumbar vertebrae T1-T3 and C4-C7

114
Q

What is the origin of rotatores?

A

Vertebral transverse processes

115
Q

What is the insertion of transversospinales?

A

Spinous processes of C2-T4 and to occipital bone of skull

116
Q

What is the insertion of the multifides?

A

Spinous processes of vertebrae

117
Q

What is the insertion of rotatores?

A

Lamina + spinous processes of the immediately superior vertebrae

118
Q

What is the action of the semispinalis?

A

Extends and contra laterally rotates the head + vertebral column

119
Q

What is the action of the multifidus?

A

Stabilises the vertebral column

120
Q

What is the action of the rotatores?

A

Stabilises the vertebral column + has propioceptive function

121
Q

What are the segmental muscles?

A

Levatores Costarum
Interspinales
Intertransversarii

122
Q

What is the origin of the levatores costarum?

A

Transverse processes of C7-T11

123
Q

What is the origin of the interspinales?

A

Spans between adjacent spinous processes

124
Q

What are the origins of the intertransversarii?

A

Spans between adjacent transverse processes

125
Q

What is the insertion of levatores costarum?

A

The rib immediately below

126
Q

What is the insertion of interpspinales?

A

Spins between adjacent spinous processes

127
Q

What is the insertion of intertransversarii?

A

Spans between adjacent transverse processes

128
Q

What is the action of the levatores costarum?

A

Elevates the ribs

129
Q

What are the actions of the interspinales + intertransversarii?

A

Stabilise the vertebral column

130
Q

What are the sub occipital muscles?

A

Rectus capitis + obliquus capitis

131
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis + obliquus capitis?

A

Upper cervical vertebrae (C1/C2)

132
Q

What is the insertion of the rectus capitis + obliquus capitis?

A

Occipital bone

133
Q

What is the action of the rectus capitis + obliquus capitis?

A

Extension + some rotation of the head

134
Q

What innervates the rectus capitis + obliquus capitis?

A

Posterior ramus of C1 spinal nerve

135
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Thin broad musculoskeletal-tendonous sheet

136
Q

What does the diaphragm do?

A

Assist with inspiration + expiration

137
Q

What is the general structure and shape of the diaphragm?

A

2 domes

Anatomy - YR2 (3 decks)

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