lower limbs

Question 1

what ligament runs down the head of the head of the fibula?

Answer 1

lateral co-lateral ligament

Question 2

where is the origin of popliteus muscle?

Answer 2

lateral epicondyle, inserts above the soleus line

causes medial rotation to unlock the condyle of the knee to allow flexion

Question 3

what are the two articulations of the knee>

Answer 3

tibiofemoral
patellofemoral
(allowing tendon of the quadriceps to be inserted over the knee, increasing the effeciency)

Question 4

what is the blood suply to the knee?

Answer 4

Genicular anastomoses
- branches of the femoral and popiteal arteries.

Question 5

what other injury is associated with medial collateral ligament damage?

Answer 5

medial meniscus tear - because the medial meniscus is fixed to the medical collateral ligament.

Question 6

what are the four bersae found in the knee?

Answer 6

Suprapatella bursa

prepatella bursa

infrapatella bursa

semimembranousus bursa

Question 7

where is the supra-patella bursa found?

Answer 7

between the quadriceps femoris and the femur

Question 8

where is the prepatella bursa located?

Answer 8

between the apex of the patella and the skin

Question 9

where is the infrapatella bursa located?

Answer 9

superficial = between patella ligament and teh skin

deep = between the tibia and the patella ligament

Question 10

where is the semimembranosus bursa located?

Answer 10

posterior to the knee

between the semimembranosus muscel and teh medial head of gastrocnemius

Question 11

what muscel allows extension of the knee?

Answer 11

quadriceps femoris, which inserts to the tibial tuberosity.

Question 12

what muscel allows for flexion of the knee?

Answer 12

hamstrings, gracilis, satorius and popiteus

Question 13

what muscle allows for lateral rotation at the knee?

Answer 13

biceps femoris

Question 14

what muscle allows for medial rotation of the knee?

Answer 14

semimembranosus
semitendinous
gracillis
sartorius
popliteus

Question 15

what examination can be used to assess for a antior cruciate ligament tear?

Answer 15

anterior drawer test

Question 16

what muscle inserts to the fibular head?

Answer 16

biceps femoris

Question 17

what nerve inovates the proximal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 17

the common fibular nerve

Question 18

what artery supplies the proximal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 18

Inferior genicular artery

Question 19

what type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 19

plane synovial joint

Question 20

what type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 20

fibrous joint

Question 21

what are three structures that support the tibiofibular joint?

Answer 21

interosseous membrane

anterior and posterior inferior tibiofibular ligaments

inferior transverse tibiofibular ligament

Question 22

what is the nerve supply to the distal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 22

deep peroneal and tibial nerves

Question 23

what is a complication of a proximal tibiofibular joint dislocation?

Answer 23

injury to the common fibular nerve (teh nerve winds around the neck of the fibular)

Question 24

what is the name given to the bracket shaped joint of the ankle?

Answer 24

the mortise

Question 25

where does the medial ligament of the ankle originate to and then attach? what is its function?

Answer 25

originates to the medial malleolus forms four ligaments attaching to the talus,calcaneus and the navicular bones. function = resist over-eversion

Question 26

what are the three ligaments that form the lateral ligament in the ankle?

Answer 26

1. Anterior talofibular 2. Posterior talofibular 3. Calcaneofibular

Question 27

what muscels allow for plantarflexion of the ankle? what nerve is responsible?

Answer 27

posterior compartment of the leg - gastrocnemius - soleus - plantaris - posterior tibialis Tibial

Question 28

what muscels allow for dorsiflexion of the ankle?

Answer 28

muscels of the anterior compartment of the leg - tibialis anterior - extension hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus

Question 29

what arteries supply the ankle joint?

Answer 29

malleolar branches of the anterior tibial, posterior tibial and fibular arteries

Question 30

what artery is at risk with deep lacerations to the anterior aspect of the lower limb?

Answer 30

Anterior tibial artery

Question 31

what artery is the anterior tibial artery a branch of?

Answer 31

popliteal artery

Question 32

what muscel is responsible for extending the big toe ?

Answer 32

extensor hallucis longus

Question 33

what movement is the tibialis anterior tendon responsible for?

Answer 33

dorsiflexion

Question 34

what inury is Lachmans test for?

Answer 34

ACL

Question 35

what two nerves form the Sural nerve?

Answer 35

The common fibular tibial nerve

Question 36

what is the sensory inovation of the sural nerve?

Answer 36

The posterio-lateral aspect of the lower limb

Question 37

what nerve routes form the femoral nerve?

Answer 37

L2-L4

Question 38

what two muscles form iliopsoas?

Answer 38

Psoas Major and iliacus (psoas major is medial)

Question 39

what is the action of Iliopsoas?

Answer 39

flexion at the hip joint

Question 40

where does Psoas major originate from?

Answer 40

the lumbar vertebrae

Question 41

where does iliacus originate from ?

Answer 41

iliac fossa of the pelvis

Question 42

where does the iliopsoas insert?

Answer 42

lesser trocanter of the femus

Question 43

what are the four muscles of the quadriceps?

Answer 43

Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis rectus femoris

Question 44

where does the rectus femoris originate from?

Answer 44

ASIS + ilium of the pelvis attaches to the patella crosses the knee.

Question 45

what is the natural load to failure the ACL

Answer 45

2000 newtons

Question 46

What is used as a graft for a ACL repair?

Answer 46

semitendinosus or patella tendon

Question 47

when does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?

Answer 47

when it crosses the inguinal ligament. and enters the femoral triangle

Question 48

where does the profunda femoris artery arise from the femoral?

Answer 48

in the femoral triangle

Question 49

what three braches come off the profundo artery in the thigh?

Answer 49

1. perforating branches - supply muscles in the medial and posterior thigh 2. lateral femoral circumflex artery - wraps around the anterior lateral side of the femur 3. medial femoral circumflex artery - supplies the neck and head of the femur

Question 50

what artery is damaged in a NOF?

Answer 50

medial femoral circumflex artery

Question 51

at what point does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

Answer 51

when it passes through the adductor hiatus

Question 52

what does the popliteal artery divide into?

Answer 52

the peroneal (fibular) artery posterior tibial arteries

Question 53

what forms the lateral borders of the popliteal fossa

Answer 53

gastrocnemius

Question 54

what is the nerve routes of the sciatic nerve?

Answer 54

L4 to S3

Question 55

what muscels insert onto the Greater trocanter?

Answer 55

Piriformis Gluteus medius Gluteus Minimus Obturator internus Obturator externus Vastus lateralis Gemelli

Question 56

what bursa is affected in housemaid knee?

Answer 56

pre patella bursa

Question 57

what bursa is affected in clergyman's knee?

Answer 57

superficial infrapatella bursa

Question 58

what are the two joints to the calcaneus?

Answer 58

superiorly - talus anteriorly - cuboid

Question 59

where does the Achilles tendon insert?

Answer 59

calcaneal tuberosity

Question 60

where is the most common place to fracture your talus?

Answer 60

neck

Question 61

what injury causes a talar neck fracture?

Answer 61

high energy forcible dorsiflexion this can lead to AVN

Question 62

with excessive inversion of the foot what muscle can lead to an avulse fracture?

Answer 62

fibularis brevis

Question 63

what is the first branch of the lumbar plexus?

Answer 63

Iliohypogastric nerve

Question 64

what are the roots of the iliohypogastric nerve?

Answer 64

T12 to L1

Question 65

what muscles are inovated by the first branch of the lumbar plexus?

Answer 65

internal obliques transverse abdominis

Question 66

The pneumonic of the lumbar plexus is I I Get Leftovers On Fridays. what does it stand for?

Answer 66

I - Iliohypogastric I - Ilioinguinal G - Genitofemoral L - Lateral cutaneous O - Obturator F - Femoral

Question 67

what nerves make up the sacral plexus ?

Answer 67

L4 - S4

Question 68

what are the functions of the superior gluteal nerve?

Answer 68

innervates the gluteus minimus, gluteal medius and tensor fascia lata

Question 69

a pneumonic to remember the sciatic plexus is Some Irish Sailor Pesters Polly - what does this stand for?

Answer 69

S - superior gluteal I - Inferior gluteal S - Sciatic P - posterior cutaneous P -Pudendal

Question 70

what nerves Innovates gluteus maximus

Answer 70

Inferior Gluteal nerve L5 S1 S2

Question 71

what nerve innovates the short head of the biceps femoris)?

Answer 71

Common fibular, branch of sciatic

Question 72

what branch of the sacral plexus gives sensory function to the penis/Clitoris?

Answer 72

The pudendal nerve

Question 73

what passes through the Hunter Canal?

Answer 73

superficial femoral artery femoral vein saphenous nerve nerve to vastus medialis

Question 74

what muscles make up the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 74

Tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus peroneus tertius

Question 75

what are the borders of the femoral triangle?

Answer 75

superior - inguinal ligament. lateral - medial border of sartorius medial-medial border of adductor longus

Question 76

where does gluteus maximus insert on the femur?

Answer 76

Gluteal Tuberosity

Question 77

where is the linea aspera found?

Answer 77

running down the posterior aspect of the femur

Question 78

is teh deltoid ligament medial or lateral?

Answer 78

medial injured in eversion injury

Question 79

Injury of what ligament can cause flat foot deformity?

Answer 79

The calcaneonavicular ligament (spring)

Question 80

what structures pass behind the lateral malleolus ?

Answer 80

sural nerve short saphenous vein peroneus longus tendon peroneus brevis tendon

Question 81

what structure is most likely to be damaged in a femoral condyle fracture ?

Answer 81

popliteal artery fracture as head of gastronemius will contract to pull the fracture posteriorly, damanging the politeal atery