Lower Urinary Tract

Question 0

… can cause hydronephrosis to develop

Answer 0

ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Question 1

when symptomatic, ureteral anomalies can contribute to either partial or complete obstruction of urine flow in the affected uereter with the potential for development of

Answer 1

hydronephrosis

Question 2

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction usually presents in … rather than … and occurs more commonly in …

Answer 2

Infants children; adults; males

Question 3

Most common cause of hydronephrosis in infants and children

Answer 3

ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Question 4

Saccular outpouchings of the organs

Answer 4

Ureteral, bladder or urethral diverticuli

Question 5

Can cause urinary stasis and thus increase the incidence of urinary infection

Answer 5

ureteral, bladder, or urethral diverticuli

Question 6

Dilation of one or both ureters

Answer 6

hydroureter

Question 7

may occur as a congenital anomaly or may develop later in life

Answer 7

hydroureter

Question 8

massive enlargement of the ureter

Answer 8

megaloureter

Question 9

abnormal movement of urine from the bladder into the ureters and potentially kidneys

Answer 9

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

Question 10

What are 2 underlying causes of secondary VUR?

Answer 10

neurogenic bladder and chronic recurrent UTI

Question 11

general term that describes an increased number of lymphocytes in the subepithelial region that results as a consequence of chronic localized inflammation

Answer 11

ureteritis follicularis

Question 12

characterized by slight elevations of ureteral mucosa that give fine granular appearance to the mucosal surface

Answer 12

ureteritis follicularis

Question 13

term used to describe the inflammatory state which causes the mucosa to appear as if it has been sprinkled with fine cysts that measure from 1 to 5mm

Answer 13

ureteritis cystica

Question 14

Obstructive lesions of the ureter: renal origin, usually <5mm in size

Answer 14

calculi

Question 15

majority of malignancies of the ureter

Answer 15

transitional cell carcinomas

Question 16

results as a consequence of the failure of normal development of the anterior wall of the abdomen and often abnormal development of the bladder as well

Answer 16

exstropy of the bladder

Question 17

These patients have an increased risk for development of bladder adenocarcinoma later in life

Answer 17

Exstropy of the bladder

Question 18

pouch like eversion or evagination of the bladder wall

Answer 18

diverticuli

Question 19

may be due to a focal failure of development of normal musculature in the area of the … or as a consequence of urinary tract obstruction during fetal organogenesis or subsequent organ growth

Answer 19

congenital diverticuli

Question 20

Inflammation or infection of the urinary bladder.

Answer 20

Cystitis

Question 21

Types of cystitis (6)

Answer 21

Acute bacterial cystitis, chronic bacterial cystitis, interstitial cystitis, eosinophilic cystitis, radiation cystitis, hemorrhagic cystitis

Question 22

Common UTI pathogens (5)

Answer 22

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus vulgarus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter

Question 23

rare in the US but quite common in the Middle East, especially in Egypt

Answer 23

Schistosomiasis

Question 24

chronic inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. May show varying degrees of fibrosis

Answer 24

chronic cystitis

Question 25

Can result in changes to the bladder lining

Answer 25

chronic cystitis

Question 26

inflammatory cells in the lamina propria with surrounding edema. Lymphocytes have formed a germinal center

Answer 26

chronic cystitis

Question 27

Particular pattern of bladder change as a result of chronic inflammation

Answer 27

malakoplakia

Question 28

Raised mucosal plaques that range in size from 0.1 to 5cm

Answer 28

malakoplakia

Question 29

characterized by the presence of foamy histocytes with distinctive round basophilic inclusions

Answer 29

malakolakia (known as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies)

Question 30

pathognomonic feature of malakoplakia

Answer 30

Michaelis-Gutmann bodies

Question 31

Rare form of cystitis in which the bladder wall is infiltrated with a high number of eosinophils

Answer 31

Eosinophilic cystitis

Question 32

May represent a form of interstitial cystitis

Answer 32

eosinophilic cystitis

Question 33

Urinary bladder disease of unknown origin characterized by pain associated with urination, urinary frequency, urgency and pressure in the bladder area and/or pelvis

Answer 33

interstitial cystitis

Question 34

Pain of ... is often worsened by certain foods or drinks, worsened with bladder filling, and improved after urination

Answer 34

interstitial cystitis

Question 35

Hemorrhages along the bladder wall, bladder scarring, and trabeculations

Answer 35

Interstitial cystitis

Question 36

Pathognomonic lesion of IC, form of bladder wall ulceration

Answer 36

Hunner's ulcer

Question 37

Non infectious cystitis can be caused by what type of drugs?

Answer 37

Cytotoxic antitumor drugs such as Cyclophosphamide or Methotrexate

Question 38

Benign bladder tumor with a high frequency of recurrence

Answer 38

Transitional cell papillomas

Question 39

In up to 7% of recurrences the epithelial cells show cytological features consistent with malignancy

Answer 39

transitional cell papillomas

Question 40

individual branching papillary fronds with central, loose fibrovascular core covered by normal looking transitional epithelium

Answer 40

benign bladder tumors

Question 41

Most common type of bladder cancer

Answer 41

transitional cell carcinoma (aka urothelial cell carcinoma)

Question 42

Second most common form of bladder cancer

Answer 42

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 43

What increases the risk of bladder cancer 3-7 fold?

Answer 43

Cigarette smoking

Question 44

50-80% of all cases of bladder cancer in men are associated with what?

Answer 44

cigarette smoking

Question 45

In addition to smoking cigarettes, risk factors in bladder cancer (2)

Answer 45

long term use of analgesics, radiation to the bladder area

Question 46

Type of urinary infection that markedly increases the risk for development of bladder cancer

Answer 46

schistosomiasis

Question 47

70% of schistosomiasis related bladder cancer cases are what type of cancer?

Answer 47

squamous cell carcinoma (remainder transitional cell carcinoma)

Question 48

Multifocal lesions that can be found from the renal pelvis to the distal urethra

Answer 48

Bladder cancer

Question 49

Most common form of precancerous lesion in the bladder

Answer 49

Noninvasive papillary tumors that arise from papillary transitional cell hyperplasia

Question 50

Less common distinctive precursor lesion to bladder cancer

Answer 50

flat, urothelial carcinoma in situ