LP #109 Vascular Disorders

Question 1

CV disorders divided into?

Answer 1

• disorders that affect mainly the heart (cardio)

- disorders that affect mainly bv’s (vascular)

Question 2

• affect heart & CO
• BF (tissue perfusion) depends on health of bv’s & adequate BP
• alterations in BF affect large & peripheral bv’s (arterial flow & venous return)

Answer 2

Cardiac disorders

Question 3

Types of cardiac disorder

Answer 3

• valve dysfxn
• arrhythmia & conduction blocks
• congenital defects
• myocardial dysfxn:
• occlusive (obstructive) disorder, ex. Atherosclerosis
• congestive disorders, ex. Pericarditis
• infections, ex. Picard it is, endocarditis

Question 4

Vascular disorders means

Answer 4

Vascular dysfxn affecting bv’s & BF

Question 5

Types of vascular disorders

Answer 5

• changes in bv walls, ex. Arteriosclerosis, & vasculitis
• bv obstruction, ex. D/t thrombi, emboli, vasospasm
• ABN bv dilation, ex. Aneurysms, varicose vv
• compression, ex. Tumours, edema, decubitus ulcers

Question 6

Affect circulation by damaging bv’s & cause inflammation or vasospasm

Answer 6

Arterial disorders

Question 7

Examples of arterial disorders include

Answer 7

• atherosclerosis (structural)
• vasculitis/arteritis (inflammatory)
• raynaud’s disease (vasospasm)
• buerger’s disease(inflammatory)

Question 8

Bv obstruction impairs BF by ?

Answer 8

Narrowing the lumen of bv’s

Question 9

Causes of bv obstruction

Answer 9

• compression
• vasospasm
• thrombus formation
• embolus
• atherosclerotic plaque

Question 10

-external sources,ex. Casts
-internal sources, ex. Tumours
?

Answer 10

Compression

Question 11

Contraction of bv’s tunica media results in vasoconstriction?

Answer 11

Vasospasm

Question 12

• blood clot attached to bv wall (w/in lumen)

- more common in vv

Answer 12

Thrombus formation

Question 13

-dislodged thrombi or other foreign substances (ex. Air or fat)

Answer 13

Emboli

Question 14

• originates in deep vv of legs
• travel to R heart
• lodge in pulmonary vv

Answer 14

Venous emboli

Question 15

• originate in heart

- may travel to brain, kidneys or lower extremities

Answer 15

Arterial emobli

Question 16

• aka arterial plaque, plaque or atheroma
• characterized by scar tissue & fatty deposits on intima of bv walls
• often leads to atherosclerosis

Answer 16

Atherosclerotic plaque

Question 17

• role in plaque formation

- can occlude bv’s & cause hardening of aa

Answer 17

Blood lipids

Question 18

• lipids wrapped in proteins
• transported in blood to various tissues (ex. Liver, skeletal m & adipose tissue)
• 2 of 4 types are: LDL & HDL

Answer 18

Lipoproteins

Question 19

• bad cholesterol
• carriers of cholesterol
• tend to deposit excessive lipids on arterial walls

Answer 19

LDL ( low density lipoproteins)

Question 20

• good cholesterol

- remove & dispose cholesterol from blood

Answer 20

HDL (high density lipoproteins)

Question 21

• N bv’s are relatively clear of plaques & blood lows freely
• elevated (hyperlipidemia): increase LDL & trigycerides; plaques tend to form at increase rate

Answer 21

LDL/HDL ratios

Question 22

2 terms describe hardening of aa

Answer 22

Arteriosclerosis

Atherosclerosis

Question 23

General term describing the hardening (sclerosis) of aa

Answer 23

Arteriosclerosis

Question 24

Form of arteriosclerosis specifically d/t plaque

Answer 24

Atherosclerosis

Question 25

Atherosclerosis insidious onset:

Answer 25

- accumulation of lipids (fatty streaks) on arterial walls | - fibrous atherosclerosis plaques begin to form

Question 26

Atherosclerosis commonly affected

Answer 26

- aorta - coronary aa - large aa supplying brain

Question 27

Atherosclerosis risk factors include

Answer 27

- increase BP - environmental - lifestyle

Question 28

- buildup of various substances released by platelets & blood plasma lipids - stimulate smooth m proliferation

Answer 28

Smooth m proliferation

Question 29

- collagen, lipids, smooth m & cellular debris accumulate- form plaque on bv wall - repeated injury causes decrease elasticity of arterial bv, adds to original plaque - slowly occludes bv lumen

Answer 29

Atherosclerotic plaque formation

Question 30

-largest research suggests inflammation plays role in formation & dislodging of plaques

Answer 30

Inflammation

Question 31

Major contributor to heart disease & strokes

Answer 31

Atherosclerosis

Question 32

Venous disorders related to & include

Answer 32

Related to: - venous stasis - increase P in venous bv’s Includes: - varicose veins - venous thromboses (thrombophlebitis)

Question 33

- dilated veins (lower extremities) - more common in elderly -females > males - prolonged dilation of bv walls d/t increase P

Answer 33

Varicose veins

Question 34

Factors increase P include:

Answer 34

- prolonged standing | - incompetent (regurgitant) valves

Question 35

S/S of varicose veins

Answer 35

- venous insufficiency - progressive limb heaviness - achiness & congestion in legs - edema in legs (lower legs & ankles) - impaired tissue nutrition

Question 36

- thrombus lodged in v & accompanying inflammation - develop in deep or superficial vv - more common in lower limbs - DVT tend to dislodge & travel in blood as emboli * can lodge in heart, lungs or brain * lead to MI, pulmonary failure or CVA

Answer 36

Venous thromboses (thrombophlebitis)

Question 37

Venous thromboses (thrombophlebitis) S/S

Answer 37

- pn, swelling & m tenderness at thrombus site - arterial pulses- weak or absent - affected limb may appear pale - fever & general malaise - increase WBC count

Question 38

Venous thromboses (thrombophlebitis) risk factors

Answer 38

- conditions that promote blood stasis - conditions that are susceptible to blood clots - injury to bv walls

Question 39

- minimally invasive endovascular surgery | - removes atherosclerosis from blood vessels

Answer 39

Atherectomy

Question 40

Endovascular procedure to widen narrowed/ obstructed vessels, typically to treat arterial atherosclerosis

Answer 40

Angioplasty