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Human Body in Health and Disease and Basic Anatomy > Medical Terminology-Body Organization > Flashcards

Medical Terminology-Body Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiology

A

Study of the heart.

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2
Q

Dermatology

A

Study of the skin.

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3
Q

Endocrinology

A

Study of the endocrine glands.

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4
Q

Gastroenterology

A

Study of the stomach and intestines.

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5
Q

Gynecology

A

Study of women and women’s diseases.

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6
Q

Hematology

A

Study of blood.

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7
Q

Neurology

A

Study of the nerves and the brain and the spinal cord.

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8
Q

Oncology

A

Study of tumors (cancerous or malignant diseases).

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9
Q

Ophthalomology

A

Study of the eye.

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10
Q

Pathology

A

Study of disease.

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11
Q

Psychology

A

Study of the mind and mental disorders.

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12
Q

Rheumatology

A

Study of joint diseases.

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13
Q

Root word

A

Give the meaning to the term. (i.e. HEMAT/O/LOGY: HEMAT=root meaning blood).

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14
Q

Combining vowel

A

Connects root to suffixes and roots to other roots (i.e. HEMAT/O/LOGY: /O/ = combining vowel).

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15
Q

Suffix

A

Is the word ending (i.e. HEMAT/O/LOGY: LOGY= suffix meaning study of).

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16
Q

Prefix

A

Is a small part added to the beginning of a term (i.e. bi=two, an= without, ab=away from, ad=near)

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17
Q

Combining form

A

Is the combination of the root and the combining vowel.

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18
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of body structure.

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19
Q

Physiology

A

Study of body function.

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20
Q

Body level organization

A

Chemical-Cell-Tissue-Organ-System-Organism (smallest to largest).

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21
Q

Skeletal system

A

Provides the basic framework or support needed by the body.

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22
Q

Muscular system

A

Provides body movements.

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23
Q

Circulatory system

A

Provides means of transportation for the body.

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24
Q

Digestive system

A

Involves the intake and breakdown of food.

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25
Q

Respiratory system

A

Involves the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide.

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26
Q

Integumentary system

A

Consists of the skin and its appendages which include the hair, the nails, and sweat and oil glands.

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27
Q

Urinary system

A

Involved with the elimination of waste and water, and its main components are the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra.

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28
Q

Nervous system

A

Concerns itself with the receipt of stimuli and control of responses.

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29
Q

Endocrine system

A

Produces hormones which regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction.

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30
Q

Reproduction system

A

Produces offspring.

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31
Q

Frontal plane

A

Is the plane that is cuts down the middle of the body creating front (ventral or anterior) and back (dorsal or posterior) parts.

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32
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Is the plane that cuts the body in two from front to back, separating it into right and left portions.

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33
Q

Transverse plane

A

Is the plane that cuts the body and divides it into an upper (superior) part and a lower (inferior) part.

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34
Q

Catabolism

A

Is destructive (breakdown) metabolism. Complex compounds are changed into simpler ones with the release of energy. (i.e. burning glucose for energy).

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35
Q

Anabolism

A

Is constructive metabolism (building up). Simple compounds are changed into more complex ones with the use of energy (i.e. building new proteins such as muscle).

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36
Q

Homeostasis

A

Defined as the state of balance with in the body; in order to maintain homeostasis, the body must use methods of transport to move substances across cell membranes or through tissue membranes.

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37
Q

Negative feedback

A

Is a feedback loop where a stimulus (deviation from a set point) is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis. Negative Feedback loop has four parts; Stimulus, Sensor, Control and Effector. (i.e. Body temp regulation).

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38
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

Contain two cavities; the cranial (brain) and the Spinal canal (encloses the spinal cord).

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39
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

The cavity that includes the thoracic cavity (stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen) and the abdominal cavity (urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum). These two cavities are separated by the diaphragm.

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40
Q

Metabolism

A

The physical and chemical processes by which the body is maintained; it is the sum of all energy-producing reactions and/or reactions requiring energy.

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41
Q

Anatomical position

A

A set of position of the body for using directional terms (i.e. body stands erect, arms at the sides and the palms facing forward).

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42
Q

Erect position

A

The standing position.

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43
Q

Supine position

A

Lying on the back or on a dorsal surface.

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44
Q

Prone position

A

Lying face downward or on the ventral surface.

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45
Q

Superior direction

A

Meaning above or higher than.

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46
Q

Inferior direction

A

Meaning below or lower than.

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47
Q

Anterior or ventral direction

A

Meaning in front of; on the belly side.

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48
Q

Posterior or dorsal position

A

Meaning in back of; on the backside.

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49
Q

Medial position

A

Toward the midline of the body.

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50
Q

Lateral position

A

Toward the side or away from the midline of the body or part.

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51
Q

Proximal position

A

Nearest the point of attachment or origin of a part.

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52
Q

Distal position

A

Further away from the point of attachment or origin of a part.

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53
Q

Peripheral (adjective)

A

Toward the outer part or surface of the body or part.

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54
Q

Superficial

A

Near the surface.

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55
Q

Deep

A

Away from or below the surface.

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56
Q

Internal

A

Within the body, within or on the inside.

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57
Q

External

A

Exterior, outside the body or part.

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58
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Part of the Dorsal cavity, the cavity that contains the brain.

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59
Q

Spinal canal

A

Part of the Dorsal Cavity, the cavity that encloses the spinal cord.

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60
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Part of the Ventral Cavity. The cavity that contains the heart and lungs.

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61
Q

Abdominal cavity (upper portion)

A

Part of the Ventral Cavity (upper portion-separated by the diaphragm). The cavity that contains the stomach, most of intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen.

62
Q

Abdominal Cavity (Lower portion or the Pelvic cavity)

A

Part of the Ventral Cavity (lower portion or pelvic cavity) that contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum.

63
Q

Epigastric region

A

One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; region overlying the pit of the stomach.

64
Q

Umbilical region

A

One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; middle region.

65
Q

Hypogastric region

A

One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; located just below the umbilical region-pubic area.

66
Q

Right hypochondriac region

A

One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; right-side, lower portion of the rib cage.

67
Q

Left hypochondriac region

A

One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; left-side, lower portion of the rib cage.

68
Q

Right lumbar

A

One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; right-side, next to the umbilical region.

69
Q

Left lumbar

A

One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; left-side, next to the umbilical region.

70
Q

Right iliac or inguinal

A

One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; right-side, pertaining to the groin, lowest lateral region.

71
Q

Left iliac or inguinal

A

One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; left-side, pertaining to the groin, the lowest lateral region.

72
Q

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

A

Upper right abdominal quadrant of the peritoneal cavity.

73
Q

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

A

Upper left abdominal quadrant of the peritoneal cavity.

74
Q

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

A

Lower right abdominal quadrant of the peritoneal cavity.

75
Q

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

A

Lower left abdominal quadrant of the peritoneal cavity.

76
Q

Cell membrane

A

The outside living boundary of all living cells; a thin layer covering around the cell that is semipermeable or selectively permeable (the cell gateway).

77
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Colorless, jelly-like fluid, makes up most of the cell and contains many different structures which carry out the work of cell metabolism.

78
Q

Nucleus

A

Is the control center of the cell, controlling all activities such as growth , repair, reproduction (the cell controller).

79
Q

Ribosomes

A

Are the site of protein synthesis.

80
Q

Mitochondria

A

Is considered the power plant of the cell which produces energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

81
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like projections which produce movement within a given area.

82
Q

Flagellum

A

A whip-like structure which causes a cell to be motile.

83
Q

Mitosis

A

A type of cell reproduction where one cell produces two identical daughter cells with similar genetic information.

84
Q

Disease

A

A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury.

85
Q

Passive Transportation methods

A

Movement of substances across the cell membrane that require no energy from the cell. Includes diffusion, osmosis and filtration.

86
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive transport: molecules move thru a membrane in either direction, movement occurs due to molecules’ concentration being greater on one side of the membrane than on the other. (i.e. exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between the blood and the tissues)

87
Q

Hypotonic

A

Describes a solution that is less concentrated than the fluids within the cell. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will take in the solution, swell and may burst. If a red blood cell bursts, it is said to hemolyze.

88
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration. (i.e. movement of water from 5% salt solution to 10% salt solution by a semipermeable membrane)

89
Q

Isotonic

A

Describes a solution that has the same concentration as the fluid within the cell. (i.e. cell has 0.9% saline and 5% dextrose).

90
Q

Hypertonic

A

Describes a solution that is more concentrated than the fluids within the cell. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, it will lose water and shrivel).

91
Q

Filtration

A

Particles in solutions move through a membrane from a place of higher hydrostatic pressure to a place of lower hydrostatic pressure. (i.e. movement of substances in the blood through kidney cells- nephrons).

92
Q

Active Transportation methods

A

Movement of the substances into or out of a cell in a direction opposite that of diffusion. Molecules move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Carried out by the cell membrane. Allows cell to select what it needs from its surroundings and eliminate material it does not need.

93
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Composed of cells tightly joined together by small amounts of intercellular material. Widespread throughout the body. (i.e. outer layer of skin, lines body cavities, covers organs, major tissue of gland- endocrine/exocrine).

94
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Glands that secrete into the blood stream, produce internal secretions (i.e. pituitary gland).

95
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Glands that secrete into ducts, produce external secretions (i.e. sweat glands).

96
Q

Connective tissue

A

Most variable and widespread of all tissues, function to support, protect, nourish the body (i.e. soft tissue: adipose-fat and fibrous-ligament/bone; hard tissue-cartilage/bone; liquid-blood/lymph).

97
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Three types of tissues: Skeletal , Smooth and Cardiac.

98
Q

Skeletal tissue

A

Muscle tissue: Voluntary, combine with connective tissue (tendons) to provide movement.

99
Q

Smooth tissue

A

Muscle tissue: Involuntary, line walls of organs such as blood vessels, intestines and esophagus.

100
Q

Cardiac tissue

A

Muscle tissue: Involuntary, lines the heart walls.

101
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Characterized by its ability to respond to stimuli and its ability to convey or carry messages. Basic structural unit is the neuron.

102
Q

Epithelial membranes (mucous membranes)

A

Line tubes and spaces that open to the outside of the body. Body systems involved in respiratory, reproduction, urinary and gastrointestinal. Functions to protect (cilia have a wave-like motion that cleanses the mucosa lining) and secrete mucous.

103
Q

Serous membranes or serosa

A

The lining of closed cavities inside the body such as the chest, abdomen, also wraps around the organ within forming a double layer (visceral and parietal). Function line closed cavities, and lubricate closed cavities.

104
Q

Parietal layer

A

A serous membrane that lines closed cavities or makes a wall within such cavities. Attached to cavity walls by fibers.

105
Q

Visceral layer

A

A serous membrane that covers or encloses organs.

106
Q

Pleura (pleuras)

A

Lining of the thoracic cavity and cover each lung (pleural cavities).

107
Q

Pericardium

A

The sac that encloses the heart, a serous membrane with two layers the visceral (epicardium) and the parietal layer (pericardial sac).

108
Q

Epicardium

A

A serous membrane of the pericardium, the visceral layer around the heart.

109
Q

Pericardial sac

A

A serous membrane of the pericardium , the parietal layer around the heart.

110
Q

Peritoneum

A

Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, covers the organs of the abdomen and forms the supporting/protective structures within the abdomen.

111
Q

Cutaneous membranes

A

Membranes that cover the skin, hair, nails and glands that make up the integumentary system.

112
Q

Connective membranes

A

Are connective membranes that cover the skeletal membranes [bone (Periosteum)/cartilage (Perichondrium)] and synovial membranes.

113
Q

Skeletal membranes

A

Are connective membranes that cover bone (Periosteum) and cartilage (Perichondrium).

114
Q

Periosteum

A

A connective membrane that covers bone.

115
Q

Perichondrium

A

A connective membrane that covers cartilage.

116
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Thin, connective tissue membranes that line joint cavities and secrete a join lubricant called synovial fluid.

117
Q

Cell

A

The smallest structural unit of living matter.

118
Q

Tissue

A

Composed of cells similar in structure and function.

119
Q

Membrane

A

Sheets of tissue which line body cavities, cover organs surfaces and divide organs into lobes; simplest tissue.

120
Q

Glands

A

An organ or structure that secretes or makes something (a substance) like a hormone, enzyme or secretion.

121
Q

Organ system

A

An arrangement of closely related organs and parts concerned with the same general function.

122
Q

Adipose

A

Fat or connective tissue that stores fat.

123
Q

Areolar

A

Loose connective tissue, circle of marked color.

124
Q

Benign

A

A tumor that does not metastasize.

125
Q

Biopsy

A

Removal of tissue from the living body.

126
Q

Cancer

A

Tumor that spreads to other tissue.

127
Q

Cartilage

A

Hard connective tissue found at the ends of bones.

128
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Treatment with a chemical agent.

129
Q

Chondrocytes

A

A cell that maintains and produces cartilage.

130
Q

Collagen

A

A flexible white protein that gives strength and resilience to connective tissue.

131
Q

Epithelium

A

One of four main types of tissues; forms glands, covers surfaces and lines cavities.

132
Q

Fascia

A

Sheet of connective tissue.

133
Q

Fibroblast

A

A type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue-secretes collagen.

134
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue.

135
Q

Malignant

A

Describing a tumor that has spread.

136
Q

Matrix

A

Nonliving background material in tissue.

137
Q

Membrane

A

A thin sheet of tissue.

138
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of tumor cells.

139
Q

Mucosa

A

A living membrane that produces mucous.

140
Q

Mucous

A

Goblet cells of the mucosa secrete thick thick protective fluid.

141
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty material that insulates axons.

142
Q

Neoplasms

A

Abnormal growth of cells.

143
Q

Neutroglia

A

Supporting and protective cells of the nervous system.

144
Q

Neuron

A

A conducting cell of the nervous system.

145
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cell, does not produce new bone.

146
Q

Staging

A

A procedure used to evaluate tumor spread.

147
Q

Stem cell

A

A cell that has the potential to develop into different types of cells.

148
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation or infected peritoneum (lining of your belly or abdomen).

149
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Serous membranes are involved in the heart, lungs and abdominal organs.

150
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Smooth synovial membranes are replaced by fibrous tissue.

Human Body in Health and Disease and Basic Anatomy (13 decks)

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