Medical Terminology-Body Organization Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
Cardiology
A
Study of the heart.
2
Q
Dermatology
A
Study of the skin.
3
Q
Endocrinology
A
Study of the endocrine glands.
4
Q
Gastroenterology
A
Study of the stomach and intestines.
5
Q
Gynecology
A
Study of women and women’s diseases.
6
Q
Hematology
A
Study of blood.
7
Q
Neurology
A
Study of the nerves and the brain and the spinal cord.
8
Q
Oncology
A
Study of tumors (cancerous or malignant diseases).
9
Q
Ophthalomology
A
Study of the eye.
10
Q
Pathology
A
Study of disease.
11
Q
Psychology
A
Study of the mind and mental disorders.
12
Q
Rheumatology
A
Study of joint diseases.
13
Q
Root word
A
Give the meaning to the term. (i.e. HEMAT/O/LOGY: HEMAT=root meaning blood).
14
Q
Combining vowel
A
Connects root to suffixes and roots to other roots (i.e. HEMAT/O/LOGY: /O/ = combining vowel).
15
Q
Suffix
A
Is the word ending (i.e. HEMAT/O/LOGY: LOGY= suffix meaning study of).
16
Q
Prefix
A
Is a small part added to the beginning of a term (i.e. bi=two, an= without, ab=away from, ad=near)
17
Q
Combining form
A
Is the combination of the root and the combining vowel.
18
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of body structure.
19
Q
Physiology
A
Study of body function.
20
Q
Body level organization
A
Chemical-Cell-Tissue-Organ-System-Organism (smallest to largest).
21
Q
Skeletal system
A
Provides the basic framework or support needed by the body.
22
Q
Muscular system
A
Provides body movements.
23
Q
Circulatory system
A
Provides means of transportation for the body.
24
Q
Digestive system
A
Involves the intake and breakdown of food.
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Respiratory system
Involves the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide.
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Integumentary system
Consists of the skin and its appendages which include the hair, the nails, and sweat and oil glands.
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Urinary system
Involved with the elimination of waste and water, and its main components are the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra.
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Nervous system
Concerns itself with the receipt of stimuli and control of responses.
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Endocrine system
Produces hormones which regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction.
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Reproduction system
Produces offspring.
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Frontal plane
Is the plane that is cuts down the middle of the body creating front (ventral or anterior) and back (dorsal or posterior) parts.
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Sagittal plane
Is the plane that cuts the body in two from front to back, separating it into right and left portions.
33
Transverse plane
Is the plane that cuts the body and divides it into an upper (superior) part and a lower (inferior) part.
34
Catabolism
Is destructive (breakdown) metabolism. Complex compounds are changed into simpler ones with the release of energy. (i.e. burning glucose for energy).
35
Anabolism
Is constructive metabolism (building up). Simple compounds are changed into more complex ones with the use of energy (i.e. building new proteins such as muscle).
36
Homeostasis
Defined as the state of balance with in the body; in order to maintain homeostasis, the body must use methods of transport to move substances across cell membranes or through tissue membranes.
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Negative feedback
Is a feedback loop where a stimulus (deviation from a set point) is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis. Negative Feedback loop has four parts; Stimulus, Sensor, Control and Effector. (i.e. Body temp regulation).
38
Dorsal body cavity
Contain two cavities; the cranial (brain) and the Spinal canal (encloses the spinal cord).
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Ventral body cavity
The cavity that includes the thoracic cavity (stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen) and the abdominal cavity (urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum). These two cavities are separated by the diaphragm.
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Metabolism
The physical and chemical processes by which the body is maintained; it is the sum of all energy-producing reactions and/or reactions requiring energy.
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Anatomical position
A set of position of the body for using directional terms (i.e. body stands erect, arms at the sides and the palms facing forward).
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Erect position
The standing position.
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Supine position
Lying on the back or on a dorsal surface.
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Prone position
Lying face downward or on the ventral surface.
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Superior direction
Meaning above or higher than.
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Inferior direction
Meaning below or lower than.
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Anterior or ventral direction
Meaning in front of; on the belly side.
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Posterior or dorsal position
Meaning in back of; on the backside.
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Medial position
Toward the midline of the body.
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Lateral position
Toward the side or away from the midline of the body or part.
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Proximal position
Nearest the point of attachment or origin of a part.
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Distal position
Further away from the point of attachment or origin of a part.
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Peripheral (adjective)
Toward the outer part or surface of the body or part.
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Superficial
Near the surface.
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Deep
Away from or below the surface.
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Internal
Within the body, within or on the inside.
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External
Exterior, outside the body or part.
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Cranial cavity
Part of the Dorsal cavity, the cavity that contains the brain.
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Spinal canal
Part of the Dorsal Cavity, the cavity that encloses the spinal cord.
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Thoracic cavity
Part of the Ventral Cavity. The cavity that contains the heart and lungs.
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Abdominal cavity (upper portion)
Part of the Ventral Cavity (upper portion-separated by the diaphragm). The cavity that contains the stomach, most of intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen.
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Abdominal Cavity (Lower portion or the Pelvic cavity)
Part of the Ventral Cavity (lower portion or pelvic cavity) that contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum.
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Epigastric region
One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; region overlying the pit of the stomach.
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Umbilical region
One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; middle region.
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Hypogastric region
One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; located just below the umbilical region-pubic area.
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Right hypochondriac region
One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; right-side, lower portion of the rib cage.
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Left hypochondriac region
One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; left-side, lower portion of the rib cage.
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Right lumbar
One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; right-side, next to the umbilical region.
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Left lumbar
One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; left-side, next to the umbilical region.
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Right iliac or inguinal
One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; right-side, pertaining to the groin, lowest lateral region.
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Left iliac or inguinal
One of the nine regions of the upper abdominal region; left-side, pertaining to the groin, the lowest lateral region.
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Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Upper right abdominal quadrant of the peritoneal cavity.
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Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Upper left abdominal quadrant of the peritoneal cavity.
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Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Lower right abdominal quadrant of the peritoneal cavity.
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Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Lower left abdominal quadrant of the peritoneal cavity.
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Cell membrane
The outside living boundary of all living cells; a thin layer covering around the cell that is semipermeable or selectively permeable (the cell gateway).
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Cytoplasm
Colorless, jelly-like fluid, makes up most of the cell and contains many different structures which carry out the work of cell metabolism.
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Nucleus
Is the control center of the cell, controlling all activities such as growth , repair, reproduction (the cell controller).
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Ribosomes
Are the site of protein synthesis.
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Mitochondria
Is considered the power plant of the cell which produces energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
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Cilia
Hair like projections which produce movement within a given area.
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Flagellum
A whip-like structure which causes a cell to be motile.
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Mitosis
A type of cell reproduction where one cell produces two identical daughter cells with similar genetic information.
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Disease
A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury.
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Passive Transportation methods
Movement of substances across the cell membrane that require no energy from the cell. Includes diffusion, osmosis and filtration.
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Diffusion
Passive transport: molecules move thru a membrane in either direction, movement occurs due to molecules' concentration being greater on one side of the membrane than on the other. (i.e. exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between the blood and the tissues)
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Hypotonic
Describes a solution that is less concentrated than the fluids within the cell. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will take in the solution, swell and may burst. If a red blood cell bursts, it is said to hemolyze.
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Osmosis
The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration. (i.e. movement of water from 5% salt solution to 10% salt solution by a semipermeable membrane)
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Isotonic
Describes a solution that has the same concentration as the fluid within the cell. (i.e. cell has 0.9% saline and 5% dextrose).
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Hypertonic
Describes a solution that is more concentrated than the fluids within the cell. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, it will lose water and shrivel).
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Filtration
Particles in solutions move through a membrane from a place of higher hydrostatic pressure to a place of lower hydrostatic pressure. (i.e. movement of substances in the blood through kidney cells- nephrons).
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Active Transportation methods
Movement of the substances into or out of a cell in a direction opposite that of diffusion. Molecules move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Carried out by the cell membrane. Allows cell to select what it needs from its surroundings and eliminate material it does not need.
93
Epithelial tissue
Composed of cells tightly joined together by small amounts of intercellular material. Widespread throughout the body. (i.e. outer layer of skin, lines body cavities, covers organs, major tissue of gland- endocrine/exocrine).
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Endocrine Glands
Glands that secrete into the blood stream, produce internal secretions (i.e. pituitary gland).
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Exocrine Glands
Glands that secrete into ducts, produce external secretions (i.e. sweat glands).
96
Connective tissue
Most variable and widespread of all tissues, function to support, protect, nourish the body (i.e. soft tissue: adipose-fat and fibrous-ligament/bone; hard tissue-cartilage/bone; liquid-blood/lymph).
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Muscle tissue
Three types of tissues: Skeletal , Smooth and Cardiac.
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Skeletal tissue
Muscle tissue: Voluntary, combine with connective tissue (tendons) to provide movement.
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Smooth tissue
Muscle tissue: Involuntary, line walls of organs such as blood vessels, intestines and esophagus.
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Cardiac tissue
Muscle tissue: Involuntary, lines the heart walls.
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Nerve tissue
Characterized by its ability to respond to stimuli and its ability to convey or carry messages. Basic structural unit is the neuron.
102
Epithelial membranes (mucous membranes)
Line tubes and spaces that open to the outside of the body. Body systems involved in respiratory, reproduction, urinary and gastrointestinal. Functions to protect (cilia have a wave-like motion that cleanses the mucosa lining) and secrete mucous.
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Serous membranes or serosa
The lining of closed cavities inside the body such as the chest, abdomen, also wraps around the organ within forming a double layer (visceral and parietal). Function line closed cavities, and lubricate closed cavities.
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Parietal layer
A serous membrane that lines closed cavities or makes a wall within such cavities. Attached to cavity walls by fibers.
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Visceral layer
A serous membrane that covers or encloses organs.
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Pleura (pleuras)
Lining of the thoracic cavity and cover each lung (pleural cavities).
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Pericardium
The sac that encloses the heart, a serous membrane with two layers the visceral (epicardium) and the parietal layer (pericardial sac).
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Epicardium
A serous membrane of the pericardium, the visceral layer around the heart.
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Pericardial sac
A serous membrane of the pericardium , the parietal layer around the heart.
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Peritoneum
Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, covers the organs of the abdomen and forms the supporting/protective structures within the abdomen.
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Cutaneous membranes
Membranes that cover the skin, hair, nails and glands that make up the integumentary system.
112
Connective membranes
Are connective membranes that cover the skeletal membranes [bone (Periosteum)/cartilage (Perichondrium)] and synovial membranes.
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Skeletal membranes
Are connective membranes that cover bone (Periosteum) and cartilage (Perichondrium).
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Periosteum
A connective membrane that covers bone.
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Perichondrium
A connective membrane that covers cartilage.
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Synovial membranes
Thin, connective tissue membranes that line joint cavities and secrete a join lubricant called synovial fluid.
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Cell
The smallest structural unit of living matter.
118
Tissue
Composed of cells similar in structure and function.
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Membrane
Sheets of tissue which line body cavities, cover organs surfaces and divide organs into lobes; simplest tissue.
120
Glands
An organ or structure that secretes or makes something (a substance) like a hormone, enzyme or secretion.
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Organ system
An arrangement of closely related organs and parts concerned with the same general function.
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Adipose
Fat or connective tissue that stores fat.
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Areolar
Loose connective tissue, circle of marked color.
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Benign
A tumor that does not metastasize.
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Biopsy
Removal of tissue from the living body.
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Cancer
Tumor that spreads to other tissue.
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Cartilage
Hard connective tissue found at the ends of bones.
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Chemotherapy
Treatment with a chemical agent.
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Chondrocytes
A cell that maintains and produces cartilage.
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Collagen
A flexible white protein that gives strength and resilience to connective tissue.
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Epithelium
One of four main types of tissues; forms glands, covers surfaces and lines cavities.
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Fascia
Sheet of connective tissue.
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Fibroblast
A type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue-secretes collagen.
134
Histology
Study of tissue.
135
Malignant
Describing a tumor that has spread.
136
Matrix
Nonliving background material in tissue.
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Membrane
A thin sheet of tissue.
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Metastasis
The spread of tumor cells.
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Mucosa
A living membrane that produces mucous.
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Mucous
Goblet cells of the mucosa secrete thick thick protective fluid.
141
Myelin
Fatty material that insulates axons.
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Neoplasms
Abnormal growth of cells.
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Neutroglia
Supporting and protective cells of the nervous system.
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Neuron
A conducting cell of the nervous system.
145
Osteocyte
Mature bone cell, does not produce new bone.
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Staging
A procedure used to evaluate tumor spread.
147
Stem cell
A cell that has the potential to develop into different types of cells.
148
Peritonitis
Inflammation or infected peritoneum (lining of your belly or abdomen).
149
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Serous membranes are involved in the heart, lungs and abdominal organs.
150
Rheumatoid arthritis
Smooth synovial membranes are replaced by fibrous tissue.
