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Human Body in Health and Disease and Basic Anatomy > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Reproduction System

A

To reproduce the species and the method to do so.

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2
Q

Gonads (Testes)

A

The testes are the gonads of the male reproduction system that is 1.5-2” long that produces spermazoa and testosterone.

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3
Q

Gamete (Spermazoa)

A

The sperm (spermazoa) is the gamete of the male reproduction system.

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4
Q

Gonads (Ovaries)

A

The ovaries are the gonads of the female reproduction system.

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5
Q

Gamete (Ova)

A

The ova is the gamete of the female reproduction system.

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6
Q

Accessory Organs of the Reproductive System

A

The ducts used for transport and the exocrine glands provide the secretions.

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7
Q

Scrotum

A

A sac suspended behind the penis that houses the testes, outside the body for lower temperature requirement of sperm. Septa divide the sac into 2 testes. Each teste has about 250 compartments which contain seminiferous tubules.

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8
Q

Testosterone

A

A hormone produced in the testes that stimulates the development of male reproduction organs and secondary sex characteristics

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9
Q

Epididymis

A

A coiled tube 20’ long, posterior border of the testes; provides storage, transportation and maturation of the spermazoa.

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10
Q

Ductus deferens (Vas deferens)

A

A duct the sperm travels from the testes to the penis. The duct passes out of the scrotum and through the abdominal wall in a region known as the inguinal canal.

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11
Q

Vasectomy

A

A form of male birth control that cuts the supply of sperm to your semen. It’s done by cutting and sealing the tubes (vas deferens) that carry sperm.

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12
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A

Two ducts form by the union of the vas deferens and the ducts from the seminal vesicle. Passes through the prostrate gland and open into the urethra. Function to conduct sperm into the urethra during ejaculation.

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13
Q

Urethra

A

Transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body and to transport semen to the outside of the body.

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14
Q

Penis

A

External male reproduction organ used for urination and copulation. Composed of columns of spongy tissue that contain many hollow spaces that can be filled with blood. During sexual stimulation these spaces fill with blood causing an erection.

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15
Q

Circumcision

A

The surgical removal of all or part of the foreskin of the penis.

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16
Q

Semen

A

A thick mucoid, sticky, milky secretion with alkaline pH, 2.5-5ml, 50-100 million sperm/ml. Contain sperm cells and all secretions containing nutrients from three different glands. Function is to nourish/transport sperm, lubricate reproductive tract and neutralize the acidic female reproductive tract.

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17
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Are sac like structures located behind the bladder and connected to the vas deferens by a duct. They secrete semen.,

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18
Q

Prostrate Gland

A

Located just below the bladder, it is a muscular gland that contracts as a part of ejaculation. Secretes alkaline fluids that enhance sperm mobility and neutralize the acidity of female reproductive tract.

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19
Q

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)

A

Can happen later in life for males and results in dysuria and urinary retention.

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20
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A

Two ducts formed by the union of the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle, they pass through the prostrate gland and open into the urethra.

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21
Q

Cowper’s glands (Bulbourethral)

A

Two small pea sized glands located on either side of the membranous urethra with ducts opening into the urethra.

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22
Q

Route of Sperm

A

Seminiferous tubules (formation) to Epididymides (maturation and storage) to Vas Deferens to Ejaculatory ducts to Urethra

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23
Q

GSH

A

Germinal Stimulating Hormone- stimulates the production of sperm (spermatogenesis).

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24
Q

FSH

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone- stimulates the ripening of follicles (oogenesis) and production of estrogen. Produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

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25
Q

ICSH

A

Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone- Stimulates the cells in the testes that produce the male hormone testosterone.

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26
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing Hormone- Produced by the pituitary gland, causes follicle to complete growth, ovulation or release of an ovum in females and conversion of follicle to corpus luteum.

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27
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Stimulates pituitary gland to release hormones required by the male reproductive system.

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28
Q

Testosterone

A

Regulates hormone production by acting as negative feedback messenger to hypothalamus; needed for secondary sex characteristics.

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29
Q

Infertility of males

A

The inability to conceive and produce offspring.

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30
Q

Cryptochidism

A

The failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum.

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31
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

Caused by a weakness in the abdominal wall at the inguinal canal which allows organs to protrude abnormally through the wall.

32
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Caused by a bacteria (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), an Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) that can cause infection in the genitals, rectum, and throat.

33
Q

Genital Herpes

A

Is an Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) caused by two types of viruses – herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)

34
Q

Syphilis

A

Is an Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) caused by Treponema pallidum. The first stage involves a painless sore on the genitals, rectum, or mouth. After the initial sore heals, the second stage is characterized by a rash. Then, there are no symptoms until the final stage which may occur years later. This final stage can result in damage to the brain, nerves, eyes, or heart.
Syphilis is treated with penicillin. Sexual partners should also be treated.

35
Q

Tumors

A

Growths most common in the prostate, can be benign or malignant.

36
Q

Ovaries

A

Paired glands located on each side of the uterus and held in place by ligaments. Functions to produce ova and hormones.

37
Q

Ovulation

A

Follicles rupture to release the mature ova.

38
Q

Corpus luteum (Yellow body)

A

Development of the endometrium, used as a feedback to inhibit LH production. What remains of the ruptured follicle after ovulation that heals and whose chief function to produce and secrete estrogen and progesterone.

39
Q

Estrogen

A

A hormone produced by the ovaries that promotes rapid growth of the cells of the endometrium. Also responsible for secondary sex characteristics in females. Used as a feedback system to the hypothalamus to inhibit FSH production and begin LH production.

40
Q

Progesterone (Gestation=pregnancy)

A

An ovarian hormone produced by the corpus luteum whose chief function is to complete the lining of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum. Known as the “pregnancy hormone”.

41
Q

Oviducts (Uterine tubes or Fallopian tubes)

A

Two flexible, trumpet shaped tubes (4.5”), extended laterally from the uterus; functions is to transport the ova from the ovaries to the uterus.

42
Q

Cilia and Peristalsis

A

Hair -like projections and involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of oviducts/uterine tubes/fallopian tubes, creating wave-like movements that push the ova from the ovaries to the uterus.

43
Q

Infundibulum

A

The opening to the oviducts.

44
Q

Fimbriae

A

Finger-like projections that help sweep the into the oviducts.

45
Q

Uterus

A

A hollow organ that resembles an inverted pear about 3”x2”x1”; capable of stretching. Located anterior part of the pelvic cavity above the bladder and in front of the rectum, normally tilts 90 degrees forward in respect to the vagina. Basic function is for fetal development and the organ of menstration.

46
Q

Body of Uterus

A

Is the largest portion and is located between the fundus and the cervix.

47
Q

Fundus of the Uterus

A

Is the rounded upper portion of the uterus lying between the two uterine tubes.

48
Q

Cervix

A

Is the neck of the uterus and corresponds to the stem of an inverted pear. It is the portion that protrudes into the upper portion of the end of the vagina.

49
Q

Perimetrium

A

The outer layer of the uterus that is a thin serous coat.

50
Q

Myometrium

A

The middle layer of the uterus that is very thick and is composed of smooth muscle that allows for distention.

51
Q

Endometrium

A

The inner layer of the uterus or the mucous coat. Consists of two basic layers- a thicker superficial layer which is shed during menstruation and a thinner, deeper layer that regenerates the layer that is lost during menstruation.

52
Q

Broad Ligaments

A

Ligaments that support the uterus, ovaries and oviducts. Separate the pelvis into anterior and posterior areas; contain the blood vessels between the layers that supply the uterus, ovaries and oviducts.

53
Q

Vagina

A

The female copulatory organ (receives the male penis during coitus), muscular tube that varies from 3-5” and part of the birth canal. Located posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. folded into transverse folds which allow for stretching during childbirth and contains Bartholin’s gland.

54
Q

Bartholin’s gland (Greater vestibular gland)

A

Two small glands located on each side of the vaginal opening, secretes mucous and provides lubrication during coitus.

55
Q

Hymen

A

A thin mucous membrane that stretches across the opening into the vagina.

56
Q

Vulva

A

External female genitalia

57
Q

Labia

A

Lips of the female genitalia.

58
Q

Labia majora

A

The two large outer lips consisting of fatty tissue covered with skin and pubic hair.

59
Q

Labia minora

A

Flattened longitudinal folds of skin located between the labia major, rich in blood, and reddish in person.

60
Q

Glans clitoris

A

Located just beneath the superior junction of the labia minora, partially covered by a hood-like prepuce or fold of mucous membrane. Composed of cavernous erectile tissue with highly sensitive nerve endings. Erogenous zone for females.

61
Q

Perineum

A

The external region between the vaginal labial opening and the anus.

62
Q

Episiotomy

A

Surgical cutting of the perineum, that can happen during child birth.

63
Q

Menstration

A

The shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium, result of not being pregnant, and a decreased levels of progesterone. Blood loss 3-5 oz.

64
Q

Leukorrhea

A

Whitish or yellowish, viscid discharge from the vagina or uterine cavity usually caused by a bacterial, protozoan or yeast infection.

65
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

A very common STD caused by infection with Trichomonas vaginalis (a protozoan parasite).

66
Q

Yeast (Candida sp.)

A

A vaginal yeast infection, also known as candidiasis, is a common condition. A healthy vagina contains bacteria and some yeast cells.

67
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of the menstrual flow. Caused by underdevelopment or malformation of the reproductive organs, endocrine disturbances or weight loss.

68
Q

Dismenorrhea

A

Painful menstruation, characterized by cramp-like pains in the lower abdomen; caused by inflammation, obstruction to the discharge of menstrual fluid or endometriosis.

69
Q

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

Symptoms can begin at the time of ovulation and increase until menses or appear at ovulation and disappear until menses. Symptoms include headache, abdominal bloating, nausea, vomiting, food cravings, compulsive eating, back/joint pain, edema, weight gain and breast tenderness.

70
Q

Pap test

A

A screen for cervical cancer.

71
Q

Cancer

A

Benign-fibroids/myomas (uterus), Malignant-breast (common), endometrium, ovarian and cervical.

72
Q

Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)

A

Types include gonorrhea (bacterial), Genital herpes (viral), syphilis (bacterial) and genital warts (viral)

73
Q

Salpingitis

A

Inflammation of the oviducts, usually caused by gonorrhea or Chlamydia infections and can cause infertility.

74
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Is most commonly spread through vaginal, oral and anal sex. It’s also possible for pregnant women to spread chlamydia to their children during delivery, causing pneumonia or a serious eye infection in the newborns.

75
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

An infection which originates in the reproductive organs but extends into other organs of the pelvic cavity. Can be caused by Gonorrhea or Chlamydia infections.

76
Q

Toxic Shock syndrome

A

A rare but life-threatening condition caused by bacteria getting into the body and releasing harmful toxins.

77
Q

Infertility of Females

A

Can be the result of infections, abnormalities in the structure or function of the reproductive organs or endocrine disorders.

Human Body in Health and Disease and Basic Anatomy (13 decks)

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