LP6: Nutrition and Fluid & Electrolyte (Part2)

Question 1

What are the 2 different types of body fluid?

Answer 1

-Intracellular (ICF)
-Extracellular (ECF)

Question 2

What is Solute?

Answer 2

Substance dissolved in a solution (powder)

Question 3

What is Solvent?

Answer 3

Liquid that contains a substance in solution

Question 4

What is Permeability?

Answer 4

Capability of a substance to diffuse through a membrane

Question 5

What is Semipermeable?

Answer 5

Selectively permeable (only certain things move through the membrane)

Question 6

How is the Body Water Distributed?

Answer 6

60% = Body’s total weight
2/3 = Intracellular
1/3 = extracellular

Question 7

What are Electrolytes?

Answer 7

Compounds that, when dissolved in water or another solvent, forms or dissociates into ions.

Question 8

What are the Main Electrolytes in Body Fluid?

Answer 8

-Sodium (Na+)
Extracellular

-Calcium (Ca2+)
Extracellular

-Potassium (K+)
Intracellular

-Magnesium (Mg2+)
Intracellular

Question 9

What is Diffusion?

Answer 9

When particles move

Question 10

What is Osmosis?

Answer 10

When solvent (liquid) moves

Question 11

What is Active Transport?

Answer 11

When molecules move against a gradient; needs energy.

Question 12

What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

Answer 12

When the force of fluid presses outward against the blood vessel wall

Question 13

What is Filtration?

Answer 13

The movement of fluid through a semipermeable membrane under hydrostatic pressure

Question 14

What is Colloid Osmotic Pressure?

Answer 14

Created by proteins in the plasma

Question 15

What hormones cause the kidneys to conserve water?

Answer 15

ADH - Antiduretic hormone

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Question 16

What is ADH (Antiduretic hormone?

Answer 16

Is made in the hypothalamus, stored in the posterior pituitary; works on collecting ducts of the nephrones to allow more water to be reabsorbed into the blood.

Question 17

What is Hyponatremia?

Answer 17

Low sodium (<135 mEq/L)

Question 18

What are the TREATMENTS for Hyponatremia?

Answer 18

-Limit water
-Encourage high Na+ foods.

Question 19

What are the CAUSES of Hyponatremia?

Answer 19

-Body fluids are diluted
-Na+ loss
-Vomiting
-Diarrhea
-CHF
-SIADH (CA, meds, stroke)

Question 20

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hyponatremia?

Answer 20

-Primarily neurological symptoms
-H/A
-Lethargy (weakness)
-Confussion
-Tremors
-Seizures

Question 21

What is Hypernatremia?

Answer 21

High levels of Sodium (>145 mEq/L)

Question 22

What are the CAUSES of Hypernatremia?

Answer 22

-Water deficit
-Too much intake of Na+
-Fever
-Heat stroke
-Severe watery diarrhea
-Meds

Question 23

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypernatremia?

Answer 23

-Skin flushed
-Agitation
-Low grade fever
-Thirst

Question 24

What are the TREATMENTS for Hypernatremia?

Answer 24

-Encoiurage fluids
-Restrict high Na+ foods

Question 25

What is Hypokalemia?

Answer 25

Low levels of Potassium (<3.5 mEq/L) *Never administer IV potassium; it can cause arrythmias*

Question 26

What are the CAUSES of Hypokalemia?

Answer 26

-GI losses (diarrhea, suction, vomiting) -Drugs

Question 27

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypokalemia?

Answer 27

-Leg cramps -Weakness -Decreased bowel sounds -Heart problems

Question 28

What are TREATMENTS for hypokalemia?

Answer 28

-Encourage K+ rich foods -Administer K+ as ordered

Question 29

What is Hyperkalemia?

Answer 29

High levels of Potassium (>5 mEq/L)

Question 30

What are the CAUSES of Hyperkalemia?

Answer 30

-Too much intake (salt substitutes) -Drugs -Renal failure -Trauma

Question 31

What are SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hyperkalemia?

Answer 31

-Paresthesia (numbness, tingling) -Muscle weakness -Hyperactive bowel sounds -Heart problems

Question 32

What are the TREATMENTS for Hyperkalemia?

Answer 32

-Hold K+ -Avoid high K+ foods/ Na+ sub

Question 33

What is Hypocalcemia?

Answer 33

Low levels of Calcium (<8.5 mg/dl or 4.5 mEq/L)

Question 34

What are the CAUSES of Hypocalcemia?

Answer 34

-Surgical removal of parathyroid gland -Vit D deficiency -Acute pancreatitis -Thyroid cancer

Question 35

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypocalcemia?

Answer 35

- Muscle cramps -Numbness -Tingling -Cardiac dysrhythmias -Hyperactive reflexes

Question 36

What are TREATMENTS for Hypocalcemia?

Answer 36

-Closely monitor respiratory and cardiac status -Administer oral or IV Ca++ as ordered -Teach about osteoporosis prevention

Question 37

What is Hypercalcemia?

Answer 37

High levels of Calcium (>10.5 mg/dl or 5.5 mEq/L)

Question 38

What are the CAUSES of hypercalcemia?

Answer 38

-Prolonged immobilization -Parathyroid tumor -Bone malignancy -Excess intake of calcium containing antacids or supplements

Question 39

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypercalcemia?

Answer 39

-Depressed deep tendon reflexes (DTR) -Constipation -Urinary calculi -Dysrhythmias -Weakness

Question 40

What are TREATMENTS for Hyeprcalcemia?

Answer 40

-Increase activity ad ordered -Encourage oral fluids -Limit foods high in calcium or calcium supplements

Question 41

What is Hypomagnesemia?

Answer 41

Low levels of Magnesium

Question 42

What are the CAUSES of Hypomagnesemia?

Answer 42

-Excessive GI losses (NG, diarrhea) -Chronic alcoholism -Pancreatitis

Question 43

What are SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypomagnesemia?

Answer 43

-Increased deep tendon reflexes -Tremors -Convulsions -Resp difficulties -Dysrhythmias

Question 44

What are TREATMENTS for Hypomagnesemia?

Answer 44

-Encourage to eat magnesium-rich foods -Initiate seizure precautions

Question 45

What id Hypermagnesemia?

Answer 45

High levels of Magnesium (>2.5 mEq/L)

Question 46

What are the CAUSES of Hypermagnesemia?

Answer 46

-Renal failure -Med tx (over supplementation)

Question 47

What are the SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of Hypermagnesemia?

Answer 47

-Depressed deep-tendon reflexes -Flushing -Hypotension -Resp. depression -Cardiac arrest

Question 48

What are TREATMENTS for Hypermagnesemia?

Answer 48

-Monitos vs and LOC -Notify PCP if patellar reflexes are absent.

Question 49

What is Intake?

Answer 49

All oral liquids, liquids through tube feedings, and IV's

Question 50

What is considered output?

Answer 50

Urine, diarrhea, vomit, and drainage.

Question 51

What are S/S of Deficient Fluid Volume (DFV)?

Answer 51

-Sticky, dry mucous membranes. -Dry cracked lips -Tongue has longitudinal furrows

Question 52

What is Skin Turgor used for?

Answer 52

To see how well the skin "bounces" back after being pinched.

Question 53

Where is Skin Turgor used in adults?

Answer 53

-Sternum -Forhead -Inner thigh

Question 54

Where is Skin Turgor used in children?

Answer 54

-Abdomen -Middle thigh

Question 55

What is the main symptom of Excess Fluid Volume (EFV)?

Answer 55

Edema

Question 56

What type of sounds in the lungs indicate Excess Fluid Volume?

Answer 56

Moist crackles