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Human Body in Health and Disease and Basic Anatomy > Blood and Lymph System > Flashcards

Blood and Lymph System Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Another name for red blood cells, flattened biconcave disk, no nucleus, pale red color; transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues and lungs

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2
Q

Platelet

A

Another name for thrombocyte, membrane-bound cell fragments that are essential for clot formation during wound healing, originate in red bone marrow, no nucleus, fragments of cells, megakaryocytes
150,000-450,000 platelets/mm3

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3
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

The most abundant cell in the blood

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4
Q

Plasma

A

The liquid portion of blood

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5
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils (50-70%), eosinophils (1-3%) and basophils (0-1%)- have a lobed nucleus and granules in the cytoplasm; Neutrophil or polymorphonuclear leukocyte is the most numerous form of leukocytes

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6
Q

Polycythemia

A

A type of blood cancer. It causes your bone marrow to make too many red blood cells.

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7
Q

Leukopenia

A

Decrease in WBC

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8
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase in WBC

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9
Q

Hemophilia

A

An inherited disorder characterized by a deficiency in some clotting factors

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10
Q

Von Willebrand Disease

A

A lifelong bleeding disorder in which your blood doesn’t clot properly. People with the disease have low levels of von Willebrand factor, a protein that helps blood clot, or the protein doesn’t perform as it should.

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11
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

Excessive clotting occurs in vivo causing the clotting factors to be used up faster than they can be produced- results in death.

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12
Q

Myelogenous Leukemia

A

A disease in which the bone marrow makes too many white blood cells. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (also called CML or chronic granulocytic leukemia) is a slowly progressing blood and bone marrow disease that usually occurs during or after middle age, and rarely occurs in children.

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13
Q

Lymphocytic Leukemia

A

A type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (also called CLL) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that usually gets worse slowly. CLL is one of the most common types of leukemia in adults.

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14
Q

Hemorrhagic Anemia

A

A disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made. The destruction of red blood cells is called hemolysis. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of your body. If you have a lower than normal amount of red blood cells, you have anemia.

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15
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

A disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made. The destruction of red blood cells is called hemolysis. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of your body. If you have a lower than normal amount of red blood cells, you have anemia.

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16
Q

Iron-deficiency Anemia

A

Occurs when your body doesn’t have enough iron to produce hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the part of red blood cells that gives blood its red color and enables the red blood cells to carry oxygenated blood throughout your body.

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17
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

The body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. There are many types of anemia. Pernicious anemia is a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12.

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18
Q

Thalassemia

A

An inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal. Hemoglobin enables red blood cells to carry oxygen. Thalassemia can cause anemia, leaving you fatigued. If you have mild thalassemia, you might not need treatment.

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19
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

A condition that occurs when your body stops producing enough new blood cells. The condition leaves you fatigued and more prone to infections and uncontrolled bleeding. A rare and serious condition, aplastic anemia can develop at any age

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20
Q

Neutrophils

A

Nuclear lobes increase in number with age, pale lilac granules, phagocytic against bacteria, release cytotoxic chemical from granules, most common leukocyte

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21
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Spherical cells with a single large nucleus-involved with specific immunity, T-cells attack other cells, B-cells release antibodies (humoral immunity), natural killer cells are similar to T-cells but nonspecific

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22
Q

Monocytes

A

WBC- Largest leukocyte, horseshoe shaped nucleus, phagocytic cell engulfing pathogens or worn out cells, produced in the red bone marrow

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23
Q

Eosinophils

A

WBC-two-lobed nucleus, phagocytic cell effective against antigen-antibody complexes, releases antihistamines, increased in allergies or parasitic infections

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24
Q

Basophils

A

WBC- 2 lobes nucleus hard to see presence of dark purple granules, promotes inflammation, least common leukocyte

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25
Q

Hemostasis

A

prevents blood loss when blood vessels rupture by vasoconstriction, formation of platelet plug and a fibrin clot

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26
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

replacement of blood

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27
Q

Negative Feedback of Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

A decrease oxygen concentration, kidneys produce erythropoietin, red bone marrow increases RBC production. A increase in oxygen concentration, kidneys decrease the production of erythropoietin, red bone marrow decreases RBC production.

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28
Q

Hemoglobin

A

The substance that carries most of the oxygen in the blood, made up of 2 alpha subunits and 2 beta subunits. Each subunit surrounds a central heme group that contains iron, which binds an oxygen molecule. Each hemoglobin molecule can bind 4 oxygen molecules.
Arterial blood is bright red (oxygenated) and venous blood is dark red (deoxygenated)

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29
Q

Emigration

A

to remove or removal; “Leukocytes emigrate to the site of injury”

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30
Q

Diapedesis

A

dia=through, pedan-to leap; another term for emigration

31
Q

Blood Type Compatibility in an Emergency

A

Type O is the universal donor, Type AB is universal recipient

32
Q

Rh factor (D antigen)

A

The blood antigen involved in hemolytic disease of newborn, which is from blood incompatibility between mother and fetus

33
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

or Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN), which is from blood incompatibility between mother and fetus

34
Q

RhoGAM

A

Special gamma globulin to prevent Rh incompatibility

35
Q

Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN)

A

or Erythroblastosis fetalis, which is from blood incompatibility between mother and fetus

36
Q

Hemapheresis

A

keep desired elements and return remainder to donor

37
Q

Plasmapheresis

A

keep plasma and return formed elements to donor

38
Q

Anemia

A

A disease resulting in insufficient red blood cell production

39
Q

Leukemia

A

A maligant blood disease characterized by abnormal development of White Blood Cells

40
Q

Hemocrit

A

volume (mls) of red blood cells per 100 mls of whole blood
mls/mls x 100 = %
Normal Range Men 42-54% Women 36-46%

41
Q

Hemoglobin Tests

A

Grams of hemoglobin per 100ml of whole blood
Performed by Electrophoresis
Normal range Men 14-17g Women 12-15g

42
Q

Leukocyte

A

White Blood Cells

43
Q

Serum

A

The watery fluid that remains after a blood clot.

44
Q

Fibrinogen

A

A plasma protein that is activated to form a blood clot

45
Q

Hemorrage

A

Profuse bleeding

46
Q

Autologous

A

Blood donated by an individual for use by the same individual

47
Q

Percentage of Blood cells in whole blood

A

45%

48
Q

Erythropoetin

A

A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production

49
Q

Blood Cell Counts

A

RBC (4.5-5.5 million per microliter), WBC (5000-10000 cells/microliter), Platelets (150000-450000 platelets/microliter)

50
Q

Blood Slide (Smear)

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)- performed on a drop-stained blood slide, Red cells, platelets examined, parasite can be found, differential white count performed (increased neutrophils-bacterial infection, increased lymphocytes-viral infection, increased eosinophiles-allergic reaction)

51
Q

Coagulation Studies

A

Performed before surgery and during treatment of certain diseases (Amount of clotting factors, bleeding time, clotting time, capillary strength and platelet function)

52
Q

Bone Marrow Biopsy

A

Sample of red marrow through a needle from sternum, sacrum or iliac crest. Used to diagnose bone marrow disorders such as Leukemia and anemia.

53
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

A deficiency in the number of platelets

54
Q

Transport Oxygen

A

The function of Red Blood Cells

55
Q

Defense cell

A

Function of White blood Cells

56
Q

Transfusion

A

The administration of blood or blood components from one person to another person

57
Q

Physical Barrier Defenses

A

Skin (barrier unless broken) and Mucous membranes (trap and expel)

58
Q

Innate Immune response

A

Genetically determined

59
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

Passive (ready made antibodies given- gamma globulin /breastfeeding) and Active (own immune system produced antibodies- artificial/vaccines or natural exposure to antigens)

60
Q

Lymph System

A

Subsystem of the cardiovascular system. Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph and lymphatic tissue.

61
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

in capillary beds which anastomose form vast networks in the intercellular spaces and constitute the beginning of the lymphatic drainage system. Absent in CNS, meninges, eyeball, internal ear, cartilage and epidermis.

62
Q

B lymphocyte

A

A lymphocyte that Generates diverse antibodies

63
Q

T lymphocyte

A

A lymphocyte that Secretes chemical messengers

64
Q

Plasma cell

A

A lymphocyte that Secretes antibodies

65
Q

NK cell

A

A lymphocyte that Destroys virally infected cells

66
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow, spleen, and thymus gland (T cells).The lymphoid organs are where lymphocytes mature, proliferate, and are
selected, which enables them to attack pathogens without harming the
cells of the body.

67
Q

Spleen

A

The organ that filters blood; destroys worn our RBCs; produces RBCs before birth; extracts iron from hemoglobin compound, stores it and releases it back into the system; phagocytosis

68
Q

Clotting

A

The function of platelets

69
Q

Chemical Barrier Defenses

A

Gastric Juice (acidic pH), Skin (salty sweat & acidic pH),Tears (lysozyme), Saliva (alkaline pH and lysozyme)

70
Q

Blood

A

Important in maintaining homeostasis, classified as connective tissue, 8% of total body weight

71
Q

Formed Elements

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes

72
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes (20-40%) and Monocytes (2-8%): Nucleus is not lobed and the cytoplasm does not have granules

73
Q

Thymus

A

Processes the mature T-lymphocytes, secretion of thymosin which then stimulates other lymphoid tissues to produce T-lymphocytes.

Human Body in Health and Disease and Basic Anatomy (13 decks)

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