LS1 - Issued With Classification And Diagnosis

Question 1

Schizophrenia

Answer 1

A serious mental psychotic disorder characterised by a profound disruption of cognition and emotion.

Question 2

Where Is Schizophrenia Seen More?

Answer 2

Men more than women
Cities rather than the countryside
Working class than middle class people

Question 3

Psychotic Disorder

Answer 3

Serious mental issues causing abnormal thinking and perceptions, meaning people lose touch with reality and even themselves.

Question 4

Diagnosing Schizophrenia

Answer 4

The DSM 5 - Used in America
The ICD 11- Used in Europe and other parts of the world

Question 5

DSM 5 Requirements

Answer 5

You need to show at least 2 or more positive symptoms (or one positive one negative) for a period of a month to be diagnosed with SZ

Question 6

ICD 11 Requirements

Answer 6

You need to show one positive and one negative (or two negative) symptoms for at least one month to be diagnosed with SZ.

Question 7

Types Of Schizophrenia

Answer 7

Type 1
Type 2

Question 8

Type 1 Schizophrenia

Answer 8

Characterised more by positive symptoms, and usually has better prospects for recovery.

Question 9

Type 2 Schizophrenia

Answer 9

Characterised more by negative symptoms, and usually poorer prospects for recovery.

Question 10

Positive Symptoms

Answer 10

Hallucinations
Auditory Hallucinations
Visual Hallucinations
Olfactory Hallucinations
Tactile Hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganised Speech

Question 11

Hallucinations

Answer 11

Sensory experiences of stimuli that have no basis in reality or distorted perceptions of things that are there

Question 12

Auditory Hallucinations

Answer 12

Hearing voices making comments or talking to them in their head.

Question 13

Visual Hallucinations

Answer 13

Seeing things which are not real e.g. distorted facial expressions on people

Question 14

Olfactory Hallucinations

Answer 14

Smelling things that aren’t real e.g. smelling disinfectant which isn’t there

Question 15

Tactile Hallucinations

Answer 15

Touching things that aren’t there e.g. bugs crawling on your skin.

Question 16

Delusions

Answer 16

Irrational, bizarre beliefs that seem real but aren’t e.g. being an important political figure.

Question 17

Negative Symptoms

Answer 17

Speech Poverty (Alogia)
Avolition

Question 18

Speech Poverty (Alogia)

Answer 18

The reaction in the quantity/quality of speech, sometimes accompanied by a delay in the sufferer’s verbal responses to a conversation. This can also mean less complex speech.

Question 19

Avolition

Answer 19

Finding it difficult to begin or keep up with actions performed in order to achieve a result. This suggests sharply reduced motivation to carry out a range of activities e.g. poor hygiene, grooming, a lack of persistence in work and a lack of energy.

Question 20

Issues Associated With The Classification And Diagnosis of SZ

Answer 20

Reliability
Validity
Co-Morbidity
Symptom Overlap
Gender Bias
Cultural Bias

Question 21

Reliability

Answer 21

Consistency of a measuring instrument (ICD or DSM) e.g. inter-rater reliability. Researchers found a low inter-rater reliability for DSM and ICD, meaning they’re not very reliable, but a lower reliability when using the DSM.

Question 22

Validity

Answer 22

Assessed using criterion validity, when different assessment systems arrive at the same diagnosis for the patient, and we see the ICD diagnose more than the DSM meaning there’s poor validity.

Question 23

Rosenhan Validity Study

Answer 23

8 pseudo patients were admitted into psychiatric hospital by using auditory hallucinations, once there they all behaved normally, and only one was discharged with remission.

Question 24

Co-Morbidity

Answer 24

When 2 or more mental disorders occur together, meaning we can question the validity of diagnosis for SZ, as we can’t distinguish the difference between disorders very well.

Question 25

Buckley Et Al (Co-Morbidity)

Answer 25

Concluded that around half SZ patients have been diagnosed with depression or substance abuse. OCD and PTSD were also common when diagnosing.

Question 26

Symptom Overlap

Answer 26

There is considerable overlap between symptoms of SZ and other conditions. This questions the validity of the classification systems under ICD someone might have SZ but under DSM they have another disorder.

Question 27

Ellison And Ross Symptom Overlap

Answer 27

They pointed out people with DID actually have more SZ symptoms than people with SZ, meaning that they would also have one other diagnosis.

Question 28

DID

Answer 28

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Question 29

Gender Bias In Diagnosis

Answer 29

Longenecker et al reviewed studies and found men are more likely to be diagnose than women, suggesting men are genetically vulnerable to developing SZ or there's a gender bias towards men.

Question 30

Culture Bias In Diagnosis

Answer 30

African American/English people of Afro Caribbean origin are 9 times more likely to be diagnosed with SZ, because positive symptoms like auditory hallucinations may be acceptable in African concepts/beliefs.

Question 31

Advantages Of Classification And Diagnosis

Answer 31

Communication Shorthand Treatment Biological Abnormalities

Question 32

Communication Shorthand (+)

Answer 32

A patient with a mental disorder often has numerous symptoms. It is simpler to incorporate these symptoms into a single diagnosis making communication between health professionals much easier.

Question 33

Treatment (+)

Answer 33

Treatments are often specific to certain disorders e.g. symptoms of SZ respond well to certain anti-psychotic drugs but not anti-anxiety drugs. Meaning a reliable diagnosis can point to a better therapy.