Body of knowledge organized in a logical manner and
the method by which that knowledge is obtained
(Jose and Ong, 2016)
SCIENCE
Method using a system of rational inquiry dependent
on the empirical testing of facts (Perry and Perry, 2016
as cited by Jose and Ong, 2016)
SCIENCE
Every science represents the systematic collection and
study of data in one of these area (Hunt and Colander,
2011)
SCIENCE
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE
EMPIRICAL PROPOSITIONAL LOGICAL PUBLIC PROBLEM- SOLVING CONTINUOUS
A phenomenon should be observable using the different senses
EMPIRICAL
Things are explained in the form of statements or generalizations
PROPOSITIONAL
Employs the rules of logic in order to validate inferences
LOGICAL
Ideas are communicated from one scientist to another
PUBLIC
Presents rational explanations about unexplained observations
PROBLEM-
SOLVING
Knowledge is build upon by previous and future research on the
subject
CONTINUOUS
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
NATURAL SCIENCES
SOCIAL SCIENCES
HUMANITIES
Bodies of knowledge that tend to humanize humans
as they express themselves in various forms (Bining
and Bining, 1956; as cited by Jose and Ong, 2016)
Deal with special aspects of human culture and are
primarily concerned with our attempts to express
spiritual and aesthetic values and to discover the
meaning of life (Hunt and Colander, 2011)
HUMANITIES
Concerned with the natural environment in
which human beings exist (Hunt and
Colander, 2011)
Deal with the laws of matter, motion, space,
mass, energy, and living things (ibid)
NATURAL SCIENCES
Explain and predict phenomena related to
foundation, establishment, and growth of human
society (Bining and Bining, 1956 as cited by Jose
and Ong, 2016)
Concerned with those basic elements of culture
that determine the general patterns of human
behavior (Hunt and Colander, 2011)
SOCIAL SCIENCES
•Originated from philosophy which was established by the Greeks during the Classical Period (600BC-100AD)
SOCIAL SCIENCES
Collection of data in a rigorously controlled
situation for the purpose of prediction or
explanation (citing Treece and Treece, 1973)
Research
Process of gathering data or information to
solve a particular or specific problem in a
scientific manner (citing Manuel and Medel,
1979)
Research
WHY DO WE RESEARCH?
CALDERON, 1993
For preservation and improvement of the
quality of human life
To satisfy man’s craving for understanding
(citing Good and Scates, 1972)
WHY DO WE DO SOCIAL RESEARCH?
NEUMAN, 2011
Relevant for understanding social life generally and to the
decisions we make every day
Yields valuable information and expands our
understanding
Used in:
engaging our relationships with our family, friends and co-workers
participate in community life
Make daily decisions in business, professional life, and health care
TYPES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
NEUMAN, 2011
USE AND
AUDIENCE OF
RESEARCH
PURPOSE
DATA
COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES
YPES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH:
USE AND AUDIENCE (NEUMAN, 2011
BASIC
APPLIED
- EVALUATIVE
- SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- ACTION
(NEUMAN, 2011) Research designed to advance fundamental knowledge about how the world works and build/test theoretical explanations by focusing on the “why” question; the audience is the scientific community
BASIC RESEARCH
(NEUMAN, 2011) Research designed to offer practical solutions to a concrete problem or address the immediate and specific needs of practitioners
APPLIED RESEARCH
one tries to determine how well a
program or policy is working or reaching its goals and
objectives
Evaluation research –
research where it treats knowledge as
a form of power and its primary goal is to facilitate
social change or bring about a value-oriented political-
social goal
Action research
research that documents
the likely consequences for various areas of social life if
a major new change is introduced into a community
Social Impact Assessment
YPES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE (NEUMAN, 2011)
EXPLORATORY
DESCRIPTIVE
EXPLANATORY
esearch whose primary purpose is to
examine a little understood issue or
phenomenon and to develop preliminary ideas
about it and move toward refined research
questions
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
NEUMAN, 2011
Research on which the primary purpose is to
“paint a picture” using words or numbers and
to present a profile, a classification of types,
or an outline of steps to answer questions such
as who, when, where, and how
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
NEUMAN, 2011
Research whose primary purpose is to
explain why events occur and to build,
elaborate, extend or test theory
EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
NEUMAN, 2011
TYPES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH ACCORDING
TO DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
(NEUMAN, 2011)
Quali
Quanti
Collecting data in the form of words or
pictures
Quali
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
NEUMAN, 2011
FIELD
RESEARCH
HISTORICAL-
COMPARATIVE
Qualitative research in which the
researcher directly observes and records
notes on people in a natural setting for an
extended period of time
FIELD
RESEARCH
TYPES OF FIELD RESEARCH
ETHNOGRAPHY PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION KEY INFORMAT FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION INFORMAL INTERVIEW (SEMI-STRUCTURED OR UNSTRUCTURED)
Detailed and general description of a certain locality culled from
researcher’s observation of a community
ETHNOGRAPHY
Data obtained by researcher through active participation and
observation with the aim of gaining a close and intimate familiarity
with a community or a group of people
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
Interview with individuals who have direct knowledge on the topic at
hand
KEY INFORMAT
Data gathered through interview with a particular group of people
while asking their insights on a certain topic
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
Interviewing people without following any strict set of questions
INFORMAL INTERVIEW
(SEMI-STRUCTURED OR
UNSTRUCTURED)
Qualitative research in which the
researcher examines data on events
and conditions in the historical past
and/or in different societies
HISTORICAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
NEUMAN, 2011
Collecting data in the form of numbers
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
NEUMAN, 2011
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
NEUMAN, 2011
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
SURVEYS
NON-
REACTIVE
Research in which the researcher manipulates
conditions for some research participants but
not others and then compares group responses
to see whether doing so made a difference
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Quantitative research in which the
researcher systematically asks a large
number of people the same questions
and then records their answers
SURVEY RESEARCH
Research methods in which people are not aware of being
studied
NON-REACTIVE RESEARCH
NEUMAN, 2011
research on which the content of a
communication medium is systematically recorded and analysed
Content Analysis –
Research in which one re-examines
and statistically analyses quantitative data that have been
gathered by government agencies or organizations
Existing Statistics Research
Collection of ideas, rules, techniques, and
approaches used by the scientific community
Grows out of a consensus formed by a
community known as the “scientific community”
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
NEUMAN, 2011
Scientific orientation or attitude as “way how people
have of looking the world” (citing Grinnell, 1987)
SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE
Scientific orientation includes (citing Yankelovich, 2003):
Being precise and logical
Adopt a long-term view
Be flexible and open-ended
Willing to share information widely
NORMS OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY
UNIVERSALISM ORGANIZED SKEPTICISM DISINTERESTEDNESS COMMUNALISM HONESTY
Research is judged only on the basis of scientific merit
UNIVERSALISM
Challenge and question all evidence and subject
each study to intense scrutiny
• Methods used in research can stand up to close,
careful examination
ORGANIZED SKEPTICISM
Neutral, impartial, receptive, and open to unexpected
observations and new ideas
DISINTERESTEDNESS
Scientific knowledge must be shared with others; it
belongs to everyone
COMMUNALISM
Honesty in all research
HONESTY
ETHICS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
NEUMAN, 2011
Scientific misconduct –
action of someone who engages in
research fraud, plagiarism, or other unethical conduct that
significantly deviates from the accepted practices for
conducting and reporting research established by the
scientific community
Balancing the value of advancing knowledge against the
value of non-interference in the lives of other people;
Prevention of inflicting physical, psychological and legal
harm to the respondents
Scientific misconduct –