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1
Q

Body of knowledge organized in a logical manner and
the method by which that knowledge is obtained
(Jose and Ong, 2016)

A

SCIENCE

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2
Q

Method using a system of rational inquiry dependent
on the empirical testing of facts (Perry and Perry, 2016
as cited by Jose and Ong, 2016)

A

SCIENCE

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3
Q

Every science represents the systematic collection and
study of data in one of these area (Hunt and Colander,
2011)

A

SCIENCE

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4
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE

A 
EMPIRICAL
PROPOSITIONAL
LOGICAL
PUBLIC
PROBLEM-
SOLVING
CONTINUOUS
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5
Q

A phenomenon should be observable using the different senses

A

EMPIRICAL

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6
Q

Things are explained in the form of statements or generalizations

A

PROPOSITIONAL

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7
Q

Employs the rules of logic in order to validate inferences

A

LOGICAL

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8
Q

Ideas are communicated from one scientist to another

A

PUBLIC

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9
Q

Presents rational explanations about unexplained observations

A

PROBLEM-

SOLVING

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10
Q

Knowledge is build upon by previous and future research on the
subject

A

CONTINUOUS

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11
Q

BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

A

NATURAL SCIENCES
SOCIAL SCIENCES
HUMANITIES

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12
Q

Bodies of knowledge that tend to humanize humans
as they express themselves in various forms (Bining
and Bining, 1956; as cited by Jose and Ong, 2016)
Deal with special aspects of human culture and are
primarily concerned with our attempts to express
spiritual and aesthetic values and to discover the
meaning of life (Hunt and Colander, 2011)

A

HUMANITIES

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13
Q

Concerned with the natural environment in
which human beings exist (Hunt and
Colander, 2011)
Deal with the laws of matter, motion, space,
mass, energy, and living things (ibid)

A

NATURAL SCIENCES

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14
Q

Explain and predict phenomena related to
foundation, establishment, and growth of human
society (Bining and Bining, 1956 as cited by Jose
and Ong, 2016)
Concerned with those basic elements of culture
that determine the general patterns of human
behavior (Hunt and Colander, 2011)

A

SOCIAL SCIENCES

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15
Q 
•Originated
from
philosophy which
was established by
the Greeks during
the Classical Period
(600BC-100AD)
A

SOCIAL SCIENCES

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16
Q

Collection of data in a rigorously controlled
situation for the purpose of prediction or
explanation (citing Treece and Treece, 1973)

A

Research

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17
Q

Process of gathering data or information to
solve a particular or specific problem in a
scientific manner (citing Manuel and Medel,
1979)

A

Research

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18
Q

WHY DO WE RESEARCH?

CALDERON, 1993

A

For preservation and improvement of the
quality of human life
To satisfy man’s craving for understanding
(citing Good and Scates, 1972)

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19
Q

WHY DO WE DO SOCIAL RESEARCH?

NEUMAN, 2011

A

Relevant for understanding social life generally and to the
decisions we make every day
Yields valuable information and expands our
understanding
Used in:
engaging our relationships with our family, friends and co-workers
participate in community life
Make daily decisions in business, professional life, and health care

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20
Q

TYPES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH

NEUMAN, 2011

A

USE AND
AUDIENCE OF
RESEARCH

PURPOSE

DATA
COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES

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21
Q

YPES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH:

USE AND AUDIENCE (NEUMAN, 2011

A

BASIC

APPLIED

  • EVALUATIVE
  • SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
  • ACTION
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22
Q 
(NEUMAN, 2011)
Research
designed
to
advance
fundamental knowledge about how the
world works and build/test theoretical
explanations by focusing on the “why”
question; the audience is the scientific
community
A

BASIC RESEARCH

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23
Q 
(NEUMAN, 2011)
Research designed to offer practical
solutions to a concrete problem or address
the immediate and specific needs of
practitioners
A

APPLIED RESEARCH

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24
Q

one tries to determine how well a
program or policy is working or reaching its goals and
objectives

Study These Flashcards
A

Evaluation research –

25
research where it treats knowledge as a form of power and its primary goal is to facilitate social change or bring about a value-oriented political- social goal
Action research
26
research that documents the likely consequences for various areas of social life if a major new change is introduced into a community
Social Impact Assessment
27
``` YPES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE (NEUMAN, 2011) ```
EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE EXPLANATORY
28
esearch whose primary purpose is to examine a little understood issue or phenomenon and to develop preliminary ideas about it and move toward refined research questions
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH | NEUMAN, 2011
29
Research on which the primary purpose is to “paint a picture” using words or numbers and to present a profile, a classification of types, or an outline of steps to answer questions such as who, when, where, and how
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH | NEUMAN, 2011
30
Research whose primary purpose is to explain why events occur and to build, elaborate, extend or test theory
EXPLANATORY RESEARCH | NEUMAN, 2011
31
TYPES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH ACCORDING TO DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES (NEUMAN, 2011)
Quali | Quanti
32
Collecting data in the form of words or | pictures
Quali
33
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TECHNIQUES | NEUMAN, 2011
FIELD RESEARCH HISTORICAL- COMPARATIVE
34
Qualitative research in which the researcher directly observes and records notes on people in a natural setting for an extended period of time
FIELD | RESEARCH
35
TYPES OF FIELD RESEARCH
``` ETHNOGRAPHY PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION KEY INFORMAT FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION INFORMAL INTERVIEW (SEMI-STRUCTURED OR UNSTRUCTURED) ```
36
Detailed and general description of a certain locality culled from researcher’s observation of a community
ETHNOGRAPHY
37
Data obtained by researcher through active participation and observation with the aim of gaining a close and intimate familiarity with a community or a group of people
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
38
Interview with individuals who have direct knowledge on the topic at hand
KEY INFORMAT
39
Data gathered through interview with a particular group of people while asking their insights on a certain topic
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
40
Interviewing people without following any strict set of questions
INFORMAL INTERVIEW (SEMI-STRUCTURED OR UNSTRUCTURED)
41
Qualitative research in which the researcher examines data on events and conditions in the historical past and/or in different societies
HISTORICAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH | NEUMAN, 2011
42
Collecting data in the form of numbers
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | NEUMAN, 2011
43
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH TECHNIQUES | NEUMAN, 2011
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH SURVEYS NON- REACTIVE
44
Research in which the researcher manipulates conditions for some research participants but not others and then compares group responses to see whether doing so made a difference
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
45
Quantitative research in which the researcher systematically asks a large number of people the same questions and then records their answers
SURVEY RESEARCH
46
Research methods in which people are not aware of being | studied
NON-REACTIVE RESEARCH | NEUMAN, 2011
47
research on which the content of a | communication medium is systematically recorded and analysed
Content Analysis –
48
Research in which one re-examines and statistically analyses quantitative data that have been gathered by government agencies or organizations
Existing Statistics Research
49
Collection of ideas, rules, techniques, and approaches used by the scientific community Grows out of a consensus formed by a community known as the “scientific community”
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD | NEUMAN, 2011
50
Scientific orientation or attitude as “way how people | have of looking the world” (citing Grinnell, 1987)
SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE
51
Scientific orientation includes (citing Yankelovich, 2003):
Being precise and logical Adopt a long-term view Be flexible and open-ended Willing to share information widely
52
NORMS OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY
``` UNIVERSALISM ORGANIZED SKEPTICISM DISINTERESTEDNESS COMMUNALISM HONESTY ```
53
Research is judged only on the basis of scientific merit
UNIVERSALISM
54
Challenge and question all evidence and subject each study to intense scrutiny • Methods used in research can stand up to close, careful examination
ORGANIZED SKEPTICISM
55
Neutral, impartial, receptive, and open to unexpected | observations and new ideas
DISINTERESTEDNESS
56
Scientific knowledge must be shared with others; it | belongs to everyone
COMMUNALISM
57
Honesty in all research
HONESTY
58
ETHICS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH | NEUMAN, 2011
Scientific misconduct –
59
action of someone who engages in research fraud, plagiarism, or other unethical conduct that significantly deviates from the accepted practices for conducting and reporting research established by the scientific community Balancing the value of advancing knowledge against the value of non-interference in the lives of other people; Prevention of inflicting physical, psychological and legal harm to the respondents
Scientific misconduct –

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