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Resp🫁 > LT Epidemiology: Asthma and COPD > Flashcards

LT Epidemiology: Asthma and COPD Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

Which of the following statements best describes asthma?

a) It is a condition characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction
b) It is primarily caused by bacterial infections
c) It is characterized by chronic airways inflammation and increased airways hyper-responsiveness
d) It is more prevalent in developed countries compared to developing countries

A

c) It is characterized by chronic airways inflammation and increased airways hyper-responsiveness

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2
Q

What functional characteristic is used to describe asthma?

a) Presence of irreversible airflow obstruction
b) Presence of reversible airflow obstruction
c) Presence of chronic mucus production
d) Presence of pulmonary fibrosis

A

b) Presence of reversible airflow obstruction

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3
Q

Which of the following statements about COPD is true?

a) It is fully reversible with treatment
b) It primarily affects children and adolescents
c) It is characterized by airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible
d) It is the leading cause of mortality worldwide

A

c) It is characterized by airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible

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4
Q

What is one of the main causes of hospitalization in both developing and developed countries?

a) Cardiovascular diseases
b) Asthma
c) Diabetes mellitus
d) Infectious diseases

A

b) Asthma

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5
Q

What is the predicted trend for the prevalence and mortality of COPD in the coming years?
a) Decrease in prevalence and mortality
b) Increase in prevalence and mortality
c) Stability in prevalence but increase in mortality
d) Stability in prevalence and mortality

A

b) Increase in prevalence and mortality

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6
Q

What is the current ranking of COPD among the leading causes of death worldwide?

a) First
b) Second
c) Third
d) Fourth

A

d) Fourth

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7
Q

What is the estimated global prevalence of asthma by 2025?

a) 100 million
b) 200 million
c) 400 million
d) 500 million

A

c) 400 million

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8
Q

How much has the prevalence of asthma increased in the Swiss population from the past few decades?

a) No change
b) From 2% to 8%
c) From 5% to 10%
d) From 10% to 15%

A

b) From 2% to 8%

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9
Q

Which country recorded about a 60% increase in the prevalence of asthma during the 1980s?

a) Switzerland
b) Australia
c) USA
d) Kuwait

A

c) USA

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10
Q

What percentage of children under the age of 16 are affected by asthma in Australia?

a) 18%
b) 10%
c) 25%
d) 30%

A

a) 18%

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11
Q

What is the prevalence of self-reported asthma among 13-14 year-old school children in Kuwait?

a) 10.7%
b) 12.7%
c) 14.7%
d) 16.7%

A

b) 12.7%

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12
Q

What is the prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma among 13-14 year-old school children in Kuwait?

a) 10.8%
b) 14.8%
c) 16.8%
d) 18.8%

A

c) 16.8%

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13
Q

On average, how many asthma-related hospitalizations occur per 100,000 people in Kuwait annually?

a) 100
b) 217
c) 300
d) 400

A

b) 217

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14
Q

What is the estimated prevalence of COPD worldwide in 2002?

a) 5/1000 in men and 3/1000 in women
b) 10/1000 in men and 8/1000 in women
c) 12/1000 in men and 9/1000 in women
d) 15/1000 in men and 12/1000 in women

A

c) 12/1000 in men and 9/1000 in women

The prevalence of COPD is highest in countries where cigarette smoking is common, whereas the prevalence is lowest in countries where smoking is less common.

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15
Q

At what age does asthma most often start, with symptoms usually declining at or before the onset of puberty?

a) Adolescence
b) Adulthood
c) Childhood
d) Elderly age

A

c) Childhood

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16
Q

Which gender generally experiences a higher incidence and prevalence of asthma during adolescence and adulthood?

a) Males
b) Females
c) Both genders equally
d) No significant difference

A

b) Females

17
Q

In which social class is severe asthma more common in children?

a) Upper class
b) Lower class
c) Middle class
d) No significant difference among social classes

A

b) Lower class

18
Q

What is the most important risk factor for the development of asthma?

a) Age
b) Gender
c) Atopy
d) Social class

A

c) Atopy

FYI: Atopy refers to a genetic predisposition to developing allergic diseases like asthma, eczema, and hay fever. People with atopy often have a heightened immune response to common allergens like pollen, dust, or certain foods.

19
Q

Which risk factor is primarily responsible for the higher incidence of COPD in men compared to women?

a) Tobacco smoking
b) Occupational dust and chemicals
c) Indoor and outdoor pollution
d) Severe childhood lung infections

A

a) Tobacco smoking

20
Q

Which risk factor is associated with poor development of the lungs during gestation and may result in small lungs with less function and reserve?

a) Genetic risk
b) Low birth weight and poor nutrition
c) Severe childhood lung infections
d) Occupational dust and chemicals

A

b) Low birth weight and poor nutrition

21
Q

What is the most important preventable risk factor for COPD?

a) Occupational dust and chemicals
b) Indoor and outdoor pollution
c) Tobacco smoking
d) Severe childhood lung infections

A

c) Tobacco smoking

22
Q

Which condition is currently the fourth leading cause of death worldwide?

a) Diabetes
b) COPD
c) HIV/AIDS
d) Tuberculosis

A

b) COPD

23
Q

What trend has occurred in asthma deaths over the past two decades?

a) Decrease in deaths
b) Alarmingly increasing trend
c) Stable rate of deaths
d) Fluctuating pattern of deaths

A

b) Alarmingly increasing trend

24
Q

How many deaths from asthma occur annually, according to the Global Burden of Disease study?

a) Less than 100,000
b) Approximately 150,000
c) Over 240,000
d) Around 200,000

A

c) Over 240,000

25
Q

What is the estimated annual asthma care costs in the United States?

a) Less than US $ 3 billion
b) Exceeds US $ 6 billion
c) Around US $ 4 billion
d) Approximately US $ 8 billion

A

b) Exceeds US $ 6 billion

26
Q

Which condition represents a greater population burden of disease than its mortality itself?

a) Asthma
b) COPD
c) Diabetes
d) Tuberculosis

A

a) Asthma

27
Q

In terms of global morbidity, where does COPD rank?

a) First
b) Second
c) Tenth
d) Thirteenth

A

d) Thirteenth

mortality is 4th

28
Q

How many years of potential life lost (YPLL) were attributed to premature mortality by COPD in 2002?

a) 10 million
b) Less than 5 million
c) 17.3 million
d) Approximately 15 million

A

c) 17.3 million

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