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Biomechanics > Lumbar spine > Flashcards

Lumbar spine Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What are the curves of the spine?

A

Cervical: lordosis, Thoracic: kyphosis, Lumbar: lordosis, Sacral: kyphosis

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2
Q

What type of joints are facet joints?

A

Synovial

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3
Q

What happens in facet joints with spine extension?

A

Loading of facet increases

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4
Q

What are the functions of facet joints?

A
  • Guide segmental movement
  • Resist anterior shear
  • Resist torsion and compression
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5
Q

What connects vertebral bodies in the intervertebral joint?

A

Intervertebral disc

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6
Q

What are the functions of the intervertebral joint?

A
  • Allow movement
  • Maintain space between vertebrae
  • Resist compression and rotation
  • Support high-pressure load
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7
Q

What are the components of the intervertebral disc?

A

Nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the annulus fibrosus?

A
  • Outer portion made of rings of fibrocartilage
  • Rings are obliquely oriented
  • Each deeper layer is reflected 90°
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9
Q

What is the composition of the nucleus pulposus?

A

Inner portion, 70-90% water

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10
Q

In which plane are the facets of the lumbar spine oriented?

A

Sagittal plane

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11
Q

What movements are favored by the lumbar spine facets?

A
  • Flexion and extension
  • Small sideflexion
  • Almost no rotation
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12
Q

In which plane are the facets of the thoracic spine oriented?

A

Frontal plane

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13
Q

What movements are favored by the thoracic spine facets?

A
  • Great rotation
  • Small side flexion
  • Limited flexion/extension
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14
Q

What is the special case for T11-T12 vertebrae?

A

Look more like lumbar vertebra (attached to floating ribs) = more flexion/extension

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15
Q

In which plane are the facets of the cervical spine oriented?

A

Transverse plane

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16
Q

What movements are favored by the cervical spine facets?

A
  • Lot of flexion/extension
  • Some lateral bending
  • Some rotation
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17
Q

What is the role of lumbar ligaments?

A

Restrain movement + sensory info on vertebrae position

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18
Q

What are the three translations of lumbar spine movement?

A
  • Distraction/compression
  • Anterior/posterior shear
  • Left/right shear (glide)
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19
Q

What are the three rotations of lumbar spine movement?

A
  • Flexion/extension (medial-lateral axis)
  • L/R lateral flexion (ant-post axis)
  • L/R rotation (inf-sup axis)
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20
Q

What is the range of motion for lumbar flexion?

A

35-52°

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21
Q

What is the range of motion for lumbar extension?

A

15-29°

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22
Q

What is the range of motion for lumbar side bending?

A

16-25°

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23
Q

What is the range of motion for lumbar rotation?

24
Q

What happens to the nucleus pulposus during lumbar flexion?

Study These Flashcards
A

Posterior migration

25
What happens to the nucleus pulposus during lumbar extension?
Anterior migration
26
What is the lumbopelvic rhythm?
Interaction between lumbar spine and pelvic when moving
27
How does tight hamstring impact lumbopelvic rhythm?
Prevents anterior rotation assisting lumbar flexion
28
How does annulus fibrosus restrict rotation to the left?
Layers oriented toward the right restrict rotation to the left
29
What happens to facet joint restriction of rotation during flexion?
The joint provides less protection against rotation
30
How do intervertebral joints deal with compression force?
Load is transformed into circumferential tension
31
What causes lumbar shear/compression force?
Gravity on trunk, loading in arms, muscles/ligaments
32
What is spondylolysis?
Fracture of pars interarticularis due to large anterior shear
33
In which sport is spondylolysis most common?
Track and field (27% incidence)
34
What is spondylolisthesis?
Anterior displacement of vertebrae
35
What should someone with spondylolisthesis avoid doing?
Lumbar extension
36
What is disc herniation?
Nucleus pulposus leaks through annulus fibrosus
37
Where does disc herniation occur more often?
Posterior lateral
38
What are the consequences of disc herniation?
* Impinges nerve root * Muscle weakness * Radiating pain * Sensory changes
39
What causes disc herniation?
Repetitive bending, can be partially torn and eventually ruptures
40
What movement should be avoided for disc herniation?
Flexion
41
What things can worsen pressures that cause herniation?
* Coughing (700N) * Forward bending (1000N) * Lifting 23lbs (1700N) * Sitting down causes higher pressure than standing
42
What is osteoporosis?
Loss of bone mass (mineral density)
43
Who is osteoporosis frequent for?
Women after menopause
44
What happens to the ultimate failure point with osteoporosis?
Lower; bones break under lower stress
45
What is creep in viscoelastic tissue?
Continued deformation under constant load
46
What can prolonged sitting cause at the lumbar spine?
Slow lengthening of lumbar ligaments
47
What is beneficial in standing desks for the back?
Reduced disability but not pain; recommended to switch positions
48
What are characteristics of stoop lifting?
* Greater anterior shear forces * Greater load on ligaments
49
What are characteristics of squat lifting?
* Muscles create posterior shear to limit anterior shear
50
What injury is caused when compression loads the vertebrae body?
Vertebrae body or end plate fracture
51
What injury is caused when rotation/side bend loads facets?
Pars interarticularis fracture or pedicle fracture
52
What injury is caused when flexion loads posterior ligaments?
* Annular tear * Disc herniation * Muscle injury
53
What injury is caused when extension loads anterior ligaments?
Pars interarticularis fracture or spondylolisthesis
54
How can lumbar injury be prevented?
* Avoid repeated, prolonged end range lumbar flexion * Vary position and load * Allow time for tissue to restore normal length * Do not sit too long * Keep load close
55
What is the flexion-extension phenomenon?
Full trunk flexion reduces lumbar erector spinae muscles
56
What happens to patients with low back pain during flexion?
Muscles are less likely to relax, increasing loading long term

Biomechanics (13 decks)

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