Lung

Question 1

the RT lung has how many lobes?

Answer 1

3 lobes

Question 2

the LT lung has how many lobes?

Answer 2

2 lobes

Question 3

why is there a difference in the number of lobes for RT and LT lungs?

Answer 3

the LT lung has less lobes (2) than the RT (3) since the heart is on the left side as well

Question 4

which lung is wider and shorter than the other?

Answer 4

the RT lung is wider and shorter than the LT

Question 5

Our lung is lined by two membranes called the _____

Answer 5

pleura

Question 6

Name the two “pluera” and say which lines the SURAFCE of the lung

and which lines the THOARCIC WALL

Answer 6

SURFACE OF LUNG is lined by “Visceral pleura”

THORACIC WALL is lined by “Parietal pleura”

Question 7

what is the space between the pleura called?

Answer 7

pleural cavity

Question 8

The _______ is the bifurcation of the trachea

Answer 8

carina

Question 9

where does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 9

at the carina

Question 10

define “bifurcate”

Answer 10

divide into two; divide into two branches

Question 11

at what spinal column(s) is the carina roughly located?

Answer 11

T4 and T5

Question 12

The trachea divides into the 1.______ bronchi, then into the 2.______ bronchi, then to the 3._____ bronchi, THEN to the _____, and lastly to the ______ ducts

Answer 12

1. primary bronchi
2. secondary bronchi
3. tertiary bronchi
4. bronchioles
5. alveolar

Question 13

what structure divides into the primary bronchi?

Answer 13

the trachea

Question 14

what is the function of our “Alveolar ducts”

Answer 14

where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged! (respiration)

Question 15

The _____ is where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves gain entry into the lungs

Answer 15

hilum

Question 16

what is the main symptom of lung cacner?

Answer 16

cough

Question 17

A Pancoast tumor occurs when ______________

Answer 17

the tumor is in the apex of the lung

Question 18

a patient with a Pancoast tumor can experience pain where (2 specific areas), muscle _____, and ____ syndrome

Answer 18

pain under shoulder and arm

muscle atrophy

Horner syndrome

Question 19

what is “Horner syndrome”?

Answer 19

an interruption of nerve supply from the brain

Question 20

define “apex” (anatomically)

Answer 20

tip; top of something; forming point/top

Question 21

what occurs when the tumor compresses the superior vena cava, which makes it difficult for the patient to breathe?

hint - ‘…syndrome…’

Answer 21

superior vena cava syndrome (SVC)

-which is considered an emergent treatment (ie. oncologic emergency)

Question 22

what is the main method of regional spread for lung cancer?

Answer 22

Nodal involvement/lymphatic spread

Question 23

All lymph involved with the lungs drains into the __________ nodes

Answer 23

intrapulmonary

Question 24

lymph nodes near the Lung include (4)

Answer 24

Bronchopulmonary nodes, hilar nodes, interlobar nodes, and mediastinal nodes

Question 25

name the 4 superior mediastinal nodes - *hint - * PT.PRE.RT.AN SMN = SNL skit "parakeet preteen is retro az fuck"

Answer 25

Paratracheal Pretracheal Retrotracheal Azygos nodes

Question 26

name the 3 Inferior Mediastinal Nodes - *hint - * SC.PE.PL

Answer 26

Subcarinal Paraesophageal Pulmonary ligament nodes

Question 27

what are the three main Lung cancers?

Answer 27

1. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) 2. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 3. Mesothelioma

Question 28

SCLC can also be called “________” and includes anaplastic carcinomas

Answer 28

oat cell

Question 29

T/F: SCLC includes anaplastic carcinomas

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

describe "anaplastic"

Answer 30

Anaplastic is a word pathologists use to describe very abnormal-looking cancer cells. While most cancer cells share some features (shape or size) with normal cells, anaplastic cells do not look anything like normal cells.

Question 31

the following are characteristic of SCLC or NSCLC? 1. Very aggressive 2. Metastasizes early to brain, therefore PCI (prophylactic cranial irradiation) is often used 3. Connected to tobacco use 4. Located centrally (which has worse prognosis), near proximal bronchi 5. More common in men

Answer 31

Small Cell Lung Cancer

Question 32

SCLC metastasizes early to where?

Answer 32

brain

Question 33

what treatment technique is often used for SCLC in regard to it metastasizing early to brain

Answer 33

PCI (Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation)

Question 34

if the tumor is located centrally... does that carry a better or worse prognosis?

Answer 34

worse

Question 35

which Lung cancer is typically centrally located, near the bronchi of the lung?

Answer 35

SCLC

Question 36

SCLC is connected to _________ use

Answer 36

tobacco use

Question 37

which lung cancer is more common in women? Which is more common in men?

Answer 37

SCLC is more in men NSCLC is more in women

Question 38

which lung cancer is very aggressive and has a high mortality rate?

Answer 38

SCLC

Question 39

what falls under the umbrella of NSCLC? (3 pathologies)

Answer 39

adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and epidermoid/squamous cell carcinoma

Question 40

T/F: Adenocarcinomas ARE connected to tobacco use

Answer 40

FALSE Adenocarcinomas ARE NOT connected to tobacco use

Question 41

which lung cancer is located more peripherally (sides) of the lungs?

Answer 41

NSCLC

Question 42

which cancer of the Lung has a better prognosis? SCLC or NSCLC

Answer 42

NSCLC

Question 43

which Lung cancer occurs in the linings of the Lungs? (ie. 'cancer of the pleura')

Answer 43

Mesothelioma

Question 44

which Lung cancer is connected to asbestos exposure?

Answer 44

Mesothelioma

Question 45

compared to NSCLC and SCLC, is Mesothelioma more common, or less?

Answer 45

LESS

Question 46

DISTANT spread of Lung cancer occurs through the _________ system

Answer 46

circulatory

Question 47

Lung cancer can spread to distant sites such as - (8)

Answer 47

liver, brain, bones, bone marrow, adrenal glands, kidneys, cervical lymph nodes, and the contralateral lung

Question 48

what sit atop EACH kidney (so we have 2)

Answer 48

Adrenal glands

Question 49

the following are characteristic of SCLC or NSCLC? 1. Located more toward the periphery (sides) of the lungs 2. More common in women 3. Better prognosis than SCLC

Answer 49

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Question 50

WORLDWIDE, what cancer is the most common form of cancer?

Answer 50

Lung cancer

Question 51

in the US, what is the second most common cancer in both men and women?

Answer 51

Lung cancer

Question 52

what cancer is the leading cause of DEATH in the US among men and women?

Answer 52

Lung cancer

Question 53

the risk of developing lung cancer, like many other cancers, increases with ____

Answer 53

age

Question 54

the leading risk factor for lung cancer, other than age, is what?

Answer 54

smoking

Question 55

Approximately, ___% of lung cancer cases can be attributed to smoking

Answer 55

80

Question 56

T/F: Individuals with a history of lung cancer are at a higher risk of developing a second lung cancer

Answer 56

TRUE

Question 57

is there a difference in risk for people who smoke normal cigarettes vs people who smoke filtered cigarettes (ex. e-cigs)

Answer 57

No - same risk, both bad

Question 58

Cigar Smoking and Pipe Smoking are risk factors for lung cancer... however these activities are more associated with upper aerodigestive tract OR straight up lung?

Answer 58

more associated with upper aerodigestive tract

Question 59

______ is the second leading cause of lung cancer and the leading cause among non-smokers

Answer 59

Radon

Question 60

exposure to ___________ is linked to mesothelioma

Answer 60

asbestos (mold)

Question 61

what is the leading cause of lung cancer for non-smokers

Answer 61

Radon --> "Radon, air pollution, and asbestos are additional risk factors for lung cancer... considered environmental or occupational exposures"

Question 62

define "synergistic effect"

Answer 62

working together

Question 63

the ______ system transports oxygen from the air into the blood and removes carbon dioxide from the blood

Answer 63

respiratory system

Question 64

blood supply to the lungs comes from the ____________ and _________ arteries

Answer 64

pulmonary and bronchial arteries

Question 65

involvement of the lymphatics tends to follow the branches of the _______ tree

Answer 65

bronchial

Question 66

define "hemoptysis"

Answer 66

blood in the sputum

Question 67

define "dyspnea"

Answer 67

shortness of breath

Question 68

what syndrome may be indicated by swelling in the face and arms, distended veins in the upper chest, dyspnea, and orthopnea?

Answer 68

SVC (superior vena cava syndrome)

Question 69

define "orthopnea"

Answer 69

shortness of breath that occurs when lying flat

Question 70

what is "paraneoplastic syndrome" ?

Answer 70

this syndrome occurs when hormone-like substances are released into the blood and cause issues in areas away from the site of cancer

Question 71

define "atelectasis"

Answer 71

complete or partial collapse of a lung

Question 72

define "pneumonitis"

Answer 72

inflammation of the lung

Question 73

what happens in surgical procedure - Lobectomy

Answer 73

entire lung lobe is removed

Question 74

what is the preferred surgical procedure for a patient with an early-stage Lung cancer (like stage 1 or 2)

Answer 74

a Lobectomy

Question 75

what happens in surgical procedure - Pneumonectomy

Answer 75

An entire lung is removed

Question 76

what is the most effective chemo agent for treating Lung cancer?

Answer 76

CISPLATIN

Question 77

what is the standard of care for Lung cancer in a patient who is not a surgical candidate?

Answer 77

concurrent or sequential chemo and radiation with radiation doses of 45-60 Gy using standard fractionation

Question 78

what aspect of our lungs can have dramatic effect on radiation therapy simulation and treatment planning?

Answer 78

lung motion

Question 79

what is the simplest method to reduce lung motion?

Answer 79

breath hold

Question 80

define "odynophagia"

Answer 80

painful swallowing

Question 81

in treating lung cancer, stereotactic body radiation therapy is reserved for: A. patients with small tumors B. Medically inoperable patients with early-stage NSCLC C. Patients with SVC syndrome D. Both A and B

Answer 81

D. Both A and B