Lung Anatomy and Histology

Question 1

What landmark serves as the demarcation between upper and lower respiratory systems?

Answer 1

Cricoid cartilage

Question 2

The […] carries oxygen poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to become oxygenated.

Answer 2

Pulmonary vein

Question 3

The right lung has […] lobes while the left lung has […] lobes

Answer 3

3

2

Question 4

[…] epithelium lines the pharynx and larynx

Answer 4

Stratified squamous

Question 5

Answer 5

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

Describe the branching of the bronchial tree starting with the trachea and ending with the alveoli.

Answer 7

Question 8

Which type of alveolar cells are responsible for gas exchange?

Answer 8

Type 1

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

Describe the structure of the cells liing the terminal and respiratory bronchioles.

Answer 10

Simple low columnar to cuboidal epithelium with club cells which secrete surfactant to help keep the airway open without the structural support of cartilage

Question 11

[…] epithelium lines the alveolar ducts, sacts and individual alveoli

Answer 11

Simple squamous

Question 12

Where in the respiratory system is this slide from?

Answer 12

Trachea

Question 13

What are the 2 layers of the pleura and what is their function?

Answer 13

Parietal (outer)

Visceral (inner)

Between the pleural membranes is pleural fluid, allows expansion of the lungs without friction

Question 14

On a histological slide, how can ou tell the difference between a terminal bronchiole and a respiratory bronchiole?

Answer 14

Terminal bronchioles are surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle

Question 15

Goblet cells, glands and hyaline cartilage are seen in the lower respiratory system up until the level of the […]

Answer 15

At branch point of terminal bronchiole

Question 16

What is the role of macrophages in alveoli?

Answer 16

Also known as dust cells, they operate on the surface of type 1 pneumocytes to remove particles (dust and pollen) and remove RBCs that enter lungs during heart failure

Question 17

Answer 17

Question 18

Describe the relationship of the lungs to the pleura with respect to development.

Answer 18

The lungs grow into the parietal pleura. As the lungs grow and push down into the pleural space, they develop the visceral pleura which is the inner membrane and it is continuous with the parietal pleura which lines the thoacic cavity.

Question 19

Which type of alveolar cells are responsible for secreting surfactant and generating new alveolar cells if existing cells are damaged?

Answer 19

Type 2

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

What is the BALT?

Answer 21

Bronchial associated lymphatic tissue

Clusters of lymphatic nodules that exist beween cartilaginous rings/plates in the lower respiratory system that contain immune cells.

Question 22

Type […] alveolar cells are the most abundant in the lungs, where as type […] take up most of the surface area

Answer 22

2

1

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

Describe what is meant by mucociliary transport.

Answer 24

Cilia on basement membrane of respiratory system beat together in a rhythmic manner that moves particles trapped in the mucous layer above it through the respiratory system

Question 25

Describe the boundary between respiratory membrane in the aveloli and the blood

Answer 25

From inside alveoli outward: * Surfactant * Type 1 pneumocyte (alveolar cell) * Fused basal laminae * Capillary endothelium * Blood

Question 26

What structures make up the conducting zone and what is their collective function?

Answer 26

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal broncioles Conduct air into lungs

Question 27

What structures make up the respiratory zone and what is their collective function?

Answer 27

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli Main site of gas exchange between air and blood

Question 28

How can you ID plasma cells in histological slides from the respiratory system?

Answer 28

Non centered nuclei

Question 29

The [...] carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium to be pumped to the rest of the body.

Answer 29

Pulmonary artery

Question 30

What type of cartilage covers the structures of the lower respiratory system?

Answer 30

Hyaline cartilage

Question 31

Immune cells can be found in the [...] of the trachea and are predominantly [...] cells that secrete [...]

Answer 31

Lamina propria and submucosa Plasma IgA

Question 32

[...] epithelium with [...] lines the nasal cavity, the trachea, and the bronchi

Answer 32

Pseudostratified ciiated epithelium with goblet cells

Question 33

What structures make up the lower respiratory system and what is their collective function?

Answer 33

Trachea, bronchi, lungs conduct inspired air to gas exchange portions of lower respiratory system and trap small inhaled particulate matter

Question 34

Where in the respiratory system is this slide from?

Answer 34

Bronchus

Question 35

Ciliated cells are present in the lower respiratory tract until what level?

Answer 35

The respiratory bronchiole

Question 36

Label the diagram and explain what the following cell types do: * Ciliated * Brush * Basal * Kulchitsky

Answer 36

* Mucociliary transport * Chemosensors * Progenitor cells to replenish any cell of pseudostratified epithelial lining * Neuroendocrine, linked to GI system

Question 37

The pleural cavity extends down to the level of [...] in the back

Answer 37

T12

Question 38

Answer 38

Question 39

If a child swallows something they're not supposed to and it enters the trachea by mistake, which lung is it more likely to enter?

Answer 39

The right lung due to the fact that the primary bronchus for the right side is at a higher angle (180ish degrees) compared to the left lung's primary bronchus (~90degrees)

Question 40

What is the function of the upper respiratory system?

Answer 40

Condition the inspired air (warm it and humidify it) and trap large inhaled particles

Question 41

Describe the change in cartilage structure as you move inferiorly in the lower respiratory system.

Answer 41

Trachea --\> rings of cartilage Primary bronchioles and lower --\> plates of cartilage until reach the terminal bronchiole Terminal bronchiole --\> smooth muscle Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli --\> some smooth muscle but more elastic fibers

Question 42

The [...] supplies the blood to the lung tissue itself.

Answer 42

Bronchial arteries

Question 43

What is a serous membrane and how is it different from a mucus membrane?

Answer 43

Serous membranes are not exposed to environment whereas mucus membranes are

Question 44

What structures make up the upper respiratory system?

Answer 44

Nose, pharynx, larynx