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Heart, Lung, Kidney > Lung Anatomy and Histology > Flashcards

Lung Anatomy and Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What landmark serves as the demarcation between upper and lower respiratory systems?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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2
Q

The […] carries oxygen poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to become oxygenated.

A

Pulmonary vein

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3
Q

The right lung has […] lobes while the left lung has […] lobes

A

3

2

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4
Q

[…] epithelium lines the pharynx and larynx

A

Stratified squamous

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5
Q
A
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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Describe the branching of the bronchial tree starting with the trachea and ending with the alveoli.

A
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8
Q

Which type of alveolar cells are responsible for gas exchange?

A

Type 1

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

Describe the structure of the cells liing the terminal and respiratory bronchioles.

A

Simple low columnar to cuboidal epithelium with club cells which secrete surfactant to help keep the airway open without the structural support of cartilage

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11
Q

[…] epithelium lines the alveolar ducts, sacts and individual alveoli

A

Simple squamous

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12
Q

Where in the respiratory system is this slide from?

A

Trachea

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13
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pleura and what is their function?

A

Parietal (outer)

Visceral (inner)

Between the pleural membranes is pleural fluid, allows expansion of the lungs without friction

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14
Q

On a histological slide, how can ou tell the difference between a terminal bronchiole and a respiratory bronchiole?

A

Terminal bronchioles are surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle

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15
Q

Goblet cells, glands and hyaline cartilage are seen in the lower respiratory system up until the level of the […]

A

At branch point of terminal bronchiole

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16
Q

What is the role of macrophages in alveoli?

A

Also known as dust cells, they operate on the surface of type 1 pneumocytes to remove particles (dust and pollen) and remove RBCs that enter lungs during heart failure

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Describe the relationship of the lungs to the pleura with respect to development.

A

The lungs grow into the parietal pleura. As the lungs grow and push down into the pleural space, they develop the visceral pleura which is the inner membrane and it is continuous with the parietal pleura which lines the thoacic cavity.

19
Q

Which type of alveolar cells are responsible for secreting surfactant and generating new alveolar cells if existing cells are damaged?

A

Type 2

20
Q
A
21
Q

What is the BALT?

A

Bronchial associated lymphatic tissue

Clusters of lymphatic nodules that exist beween cartilaginous rings/plates in the lower respiratory system that contain immune cells.

22
Q

Type […] alveolar cells are the most abundant in the lungs, where as type […] take up most of the surface area

A

2

1

23
Q
A
24
Q

Describe what is meant by mucociliary transport.

A

Cilia on basement membrane of respiratory system beat together in a rhythmic manner that moves particles trapped in the mucous layer above it through the respiratory system

25
Q

Describe the boundary between respiratory membrane in the aveloli and the blood

A

From inside alveoli outward:

  • Surfactant
  • Type 1 pneumocyte (alveolar cell)
  • Fused basal laminae
  • Capillary endothelium
  • Blood
26
Q

What structures make up the conducting zone and what is their collective function?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal broncioles

Conduct air into lungs

27
Q

What structures make up the respiratory zone and what is their collective function?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Main site of gas exchange between air and blood

28
Q

How can you ID plasma cells in histological slides from the respiratory system?

A

Non centered nuclei

29
Q

The […] carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium to be pumped to the rest of the body.

A

Pulmonary artery

30
Q

What type of cartilage covers the structures of the lower respiratory system?

A

Hyaline cartilage

31
Q

Immune cells can be found in the […] of the trachea and are predominantly […] cells that secrete […]

A

Lamina propria and submucosa

Plasma

IgA

32
Q

[…] epithelium with […] lines the nasal cavity, the trachea, and the bronchi

A

Pseudostratified ciiated epithelium with goblet cells

33
Q

What structures make up the lower respiratory system and what is their collective function?

A

Trachea, bronchi, lungs

conduct inspired air to gas exchange portions of lower respiratory system and trap small inhaled particulate matter

34
Q

Where in the respiratory system is this slide from?

A

Bronchus

35
Q

Ciliated cells are present in the lower respiratory tract until what level?

A

The respiratory bronchiole

36
Q

Label the diagram and explain what the following cell types do:

  • Ciliated
  • Brush
  • Basal
  • Kulchitsky
A
  • Mucociliary transport
  • Chemosensors
  • Progenitor cells to replenish any cell of pseudostratified epithelial lining
  • Neuroendocrine, linked to GI system
37
Q

The pleural cavity extends down to the level of […] in the back

A

T12

38
Q
A
39
Q

If a child swallows something they’re not supposed to and it enters the trachea by mistake, which lung is it more likely to enter?

A

The right lung due to the fact that the primary bronchus for the right side is at a higher angle (180ish degrees) compared to the left lung’s primary bronchus (~90degrees)

40
Q

What is the function of the upper respiratory system?

A

Condition the inspired air (warm it and humidify it) and trap large inhaled particles

41
Q

Describe the change in cartilage structure as you move inferiorly in the lower respiratory system.

A

Trachea –> rings of cartilage

Primary bronchioles and lower –> plates of cartilage until reach the terminal bronchiole

Terminal bronchiole –> smooth muscle

Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli –> some smooth muscle but more elastic fibers

42
Q

The […] supplies the blood to the lung tissue itself.

A

Bronchial arteries

43
Q

What is a serous membrane and how is it different from a mucus membrane?

A

Serous membranes are not exposed to environment whereas mucus membranes are

44
Q

What structures make up the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx

Heart, Lung, Kidney (49 decks)

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