Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y4 Cancer Care > Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is Lung cancer epidemiology? (2 things)

A
  1. 3rd most common cancer in da UK
  2. 1st in cancer related deaths in da UK
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the causes of Lung Cancer? (2 things)

A
  1. Smoking (80-90% of cases)
  2. Asbestos
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the divisions of Lung cancer? (2 things)

A

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (80%)

  • Adenocarcinoma (40%)
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma (20%)
  • Large Cell Carcinoma (10%)

Small Cell Lung Cancer (20%) (most dangerous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where in the lungs does Adenocarcinoma occur?

A

Mucus secreting cells of Lung peripheries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which type of Lung cancer is a non-smoker most likely to have?

A

Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common type of Lung cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma (Non-Small Cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where in the lung does Squamous cell carcinoma occur?

A

Central part of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does Squamous cell carcinoma present? (apart from normal lung cancer CF)?

A

Pneumonia (2ndary to obstructed bronchus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Does metastases occur EARLY or LATE in Squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Late

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the epidemiology of Large cell carcinoma?

A

5% of lung cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Does metastases occur EARLY or LATE in Large cell carcinoma?

A

EARLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Small Cell Lung Cancer? (2 things)

A
  1. Uncontrolled prolif of APUD cells (small immature Neuroendocrine cells in lungs)
  2. Cells contrain Neurosecretory granules –> release Neuroendocrine hormones –> cause Paraneoplastic Syndromes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does Small Cell Lung Cancer usually arise?

A

Centrally: in larger airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is special about Small Cell Lung Cancer?

A

Exclusive to smokers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the CF of Lung Cancer? (12 things)

A
  1. Cough (80%)
  2. Haemoptysis (70%)
  3. SOB (60%)
  4. Chest pain (40%)
  5. Fever n Malaise
  6. Hoarseness (bc recurrent laryngeal nerve clarted)
  7. Stridor
  8. Wheeze
  9. Lymphadenopathy (supraclavicular nodes 1st)
  10. Clubbing
  11. Weight loss
  12. Paraneoplastic Features (mainly in Small Cell)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the Extra-Pulmonary manifestations of Lung Cancer? (4 things)

A
  1. Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy
  2. Phrenic Nerve Palsy
  3. Superior Vena Cava obst
  4. Horner’s Syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy?

What does it cause?

A

Cancer presses on Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (as it passes thru mediastinum)

Causes –> Hoarse voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Phrenic Nerve Palsy?

What does it cause? (2 things)

A

Cancer presses on Phrenic Nerve

Causes:

  1. Diaphrahm weakness
  2. SOB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Superior Vena Cava Obstruction?

What does it cause? (4 things)

A

Cancer presses on SVC

Causes:

  1. Facial + Arm swelling
  2. SOB
  3. Distended veins in Neck + Upper chest
  4. Pemberton’s Sign
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Pemberton’s Sign? (3 things)

A
  1. Sign of Superior Vena Cava Obst
  2. When you raise hands over head –> Facial congestion + Cyanosis
  3. MEDICAL EMERGENCY
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Horner’s Syndrome?

What are it’s CF? (3 things)

A

Pancoast tumour (Pulmonary apex tumour, usually a Squamous Cell Carcinoma) pressing on Sympathetic ganglion

Triad of

  1. Anhidrosis (loss of sweating on face)
  2. Partial Ptosis (upper eyelid dropping)
  3. Miosis (small pupil)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of Lung Cancer are Paraneoplastic Syndromes mainly caused by?

A

Small Cell Lung Cancer

23
Q

What are the Paraneoplastic Syndromes? (5 things)

A
  1. Hypercalcaemia
  2. SIADH
  3. Cushing’s syndrome
  4. Lambert-Eaton syndrome
  5. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
24
Q

What causes the Paraenoplastic Syndrome of Hypercalcaemia? (2 things)

A
  1. Bony metastasis
  2. Ectopic Parathyroid Hormone secretion (Squamous Cell Carcinoma)
25
Q

What are the CF of the Paraenoplastic Syndrome of Hypercalcaemia? (5 things)

A
  1. Stones = Renal calculi
  2. Bones = Bone pain
  3. Groans = Abd pain
  4. Bol = Polyuria
  5. Psychiatric Moans = Alt mental status
26
Q

How common is Hypercalcaemia in each type of Lung Cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma = 50%

Adenocarcinoma = 20%

Small Cell Lung Cancer = 15%

27
Q

What causes the Paraenoplastic Syndrome of SIADH?

A

Ectopic ADH secretion by Small Cell Lung Cancer

28
Q

What are the CF of the Paraenoplastic Syndrome of SIADH? (2 things)

A
  1. Hyponatraemia
  2. Cerebral oedema (extreme cases)
29
Q

What causes the Paraenoplastic Syndrome of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Ectopic ACTH –> Increase in Glucocorticoids –> Cushing’s

30
Q

What are the CF of the Paraenoplastic Syndrome of Cushing’s Syndrome? (5 things)

A
  1. Moon face
  2. Buffalo Hump (fat pad on upper back) (buffalo shouldaaa)
  3. Proximal limb muscle wasting
  4. Central Obesity
  5. Abdominal striae
31
Q

What causes the CF of the Paraenoplastic Syndrome of Lambert-Eaton syndrome? (2 things)

A
  1. Antibodies prod against Small Cell Lung Cancere
  2. These iGs damage Voltage Gated Calcium Channels (on pre-synaptic terminals in motor neurones)
32
Q

What are the CF of the Paraenoplastic Syndrome of Lambert-Eaton syndrome? (4 things)

A
  1. Proximal muscle weakness
  2. Ocular muscle weakness (–> diplopia)
  3. Levator muscle weakness (–> ptosis)
  4. Pharyngeal muscle weakness (–> slurred speech + dysphagia)

POLP

33
Q

What are the CF of the Paraenoplastic Syndrome of Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy (HPOA)? (3 things)

A
  1. Clubbing
  2. Periostitis (inflamm periosteum aka layer around bone)
  3. Symmetrical Painful arthropathy (in distal joints)
34
Q

What investigations should you do for sus Lung Cancer? (5 things)

A
  1. CXR (first line)
  2. Staging CT
  3. PET
  4. Bronchoscopy w EndoBronchial Ultrasound (EBUS)
  5. Biopsy (via Bronchoscopy / Percutaneously (thru skin)
35
Q

What is the FIRST LINE investigation for sus Lung Cancer?

A

CXR

36
Q

What may you see in a CXR of Lung Cancer? (4 things)

A
  1. Visible lesion (peripheral opacity)
  2. Hilar enlargement
  3. Pleural effusion (usually unilater in lung cancer)
  4. Collapse
37
Q

What does Hilar Enlargement on sus Lung Cancer CXR show?

A

Lymphadenopathy

38
Q

What does Unilateral Pleural Effusion on sus Lung Cancer CXR show?

A

Stage 4 cancer

39
Q

Who should get a CT scan for sus Lung Cancer? (2 things)

A
  1. Significant suspicion
  2. Sus CXR
40
Q

What should the CT scan you do for sus Lung Cancer be? (2 things)

A
  1. CT: Chest Abd Pelvis
  2. Contrast enhanced
41
Q

What will the CT scan for sus Lung Cancer tell you? (3 things)

A
  1. Stage
  2. Lymph node involvment
  3. Metastasis
42
Q

What will you typically see in a CT scan of Lung Cancer? (3 things)

A
  1. Solitary pulmonary nodule (with spikes maybe)
  2. Lymph node involvment (maybe)
  3. Metastasis (maybe)
43
Q

What is the staging system used for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

A

TNM

44
Q

What is the staging system used for Small Cell Lung Cancer?

Why is it better than TNM for Small?

A

VALSG Staging

Simple 2 stage system, reflects limited treatment opportunities

45
Q

What are the 2 stages of VALSG staging for Small Cell Lung Cancer?

A
  1. Limited Disease
  2. Extensive Disease
46
Q

What are the features of a LIMITED Small Cell Lung Cancer in the VALSG staging system? (2 things)

A
  1. No spread beyond Hemithorax (aka to other side of lung)
  2. Regional nodes (can be treated w single Radiotherapy field)
47
Q

What are the features of an EXTENSIVE Small Cell Lung Cancer in the VALSG staging system? (4 things)

A
  1. Spread beyond Hemithorax (aka to other side of lung)
  2. Distant metastasis
  3. Malignant pleural effusions OR
  4. Contralateral hilar / supraclavicular involvment
48
Q

What are the management options for Lung Cancer? (4 things)

A
  1. Surgery
  2. Radiotherapy
  3. Chemo
  4. Endobronchial treatment (stents / debulking)
49
Q

Who is offered Surgery as first line treatment?

A

Non-small cell lung cancer w cancer isolated to 1 area

50
Q

What is the Surgery types for lung cancer? (3 things)

A
  1. Lobectomy (FIRST LINE)
  2. Segmentectomy
  3. Wedge Resection
51
Q

Can Radiotherapy be curative for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

A

Yes, if early

52
Q

Who is Chemotherapy offered to? (3 things)

A
  1. Adjuvant chemo (w Surgery / Radio) to improve outcome
  2. Palliative Treatmement (to improve survival + Quality of life) (late stage Non-Small)
  3. Palliative for Small Cell (w Radio)
53
Q

What is the management for Small Cell Lung Cancer?

A

Chemo + Radio

(bad prognosis)

54
Q

What is Endobronchial treatment? (2 things)

A
  1. Stents / Debulking to relieve bronchial obst (caused by cancer)
  2. Palliative

Y4 Cancer Care (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions