Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AAI: Pharmacology + Biology > Lung structure + function > Flashcards

Lung structure + function Flashcards

1
Q

Role of respiratory system

A

Ensure adequate intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name each structure of the lung

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name each part of an epithelial cell

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name each neurotransmitter + post-synaptic receptor for each nervous system

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Alpha adrenoceptor subtypes

A

alpha1

alpha2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Beta adrenoceptor subtypes

A

beta1

beta2

beta3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Role of Alpha1 adrenoceptor

A

Vascular smooth muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Role of Alpha2 adrenoceptor

A

Vascular smooth muscle contraction

Prejunctional regulation of NA release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Role of Beta1 adrenoceptor

A

Sino-atrial node + ventricles in heart-rate

Force of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Role of Beta2 adrenoceptor

A

Airway smooth muscle relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Role of Beta3 adrenoceptor

A

Skeletal muscle + adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the muscarinic receptor subtypes?

A

M1, M2, M3, M4, M5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Role of M1 receptor

A

CNS

Salivary glands

Gastric glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Role of M2 receptor

A

Heart - the rate of contraction

GI smooth muscle contraction

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Role of M3 receptor

A

Salivary glands

Smooth muscle (GI, airways)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Role of M4 receptor

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Role of M5 receptor

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Innervation of the airways

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Sensory nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect airways?

A

Circulating adrenaline

Act on Beta2-adrenoceptors on bronchial smooth muscle for relaxation

Inhibitor of mediator release from mast cells

Beta2-adrenoceptors on mucus glands to inhibit mucus secretion

Increased clearance of mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect airways?

A

Release acetylcholine

Activates muscarinic M3 receptors

  • causes bronchoconstriction
  • increase mucus secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does sensory nerves affect airways?

A

local reflexes respond to irritants

Causes:

  • coughing
  • bronchoconstriction
  • increased mucus secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Role of sensory nerves in exercise-induced asthma

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are cold receptors?

A

Other local control e.g. sensory nerves

Detect changes in temperature

On mast cells + airway epthelium + sensory nerves

Involved in cold-induced asthma through activation of mast cells + mucus production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Causes of Breathlessness

A

congenital conditions e.g. cystic fibrosis

infection

inflammation

cancer

psychological

lung degeneration

cardiac e.g. heart failure

pulmonary embolism

pregnancy, obesity, altitude

drug side effects (beta-blockers)

25
What is the average breathing rate?
12 breaths/min Each with a volume of 0.5L (eupnoea)
26
How long does active inhalation lasts?
2 seconds
27
How long does active exhalation last?
3 seconds
28
What is Eupnoea
Normal good breathing rhythm
29
Process of **breathing in**
30
Process of **breathing out**
31
Function of mucus
Traps particles
32
Function of Cilia
Move particles out of lung
33
What is cystic fibrosis?
**Production** of **thick mucus** which patients can’t get rid of to easily be able to have an infection
34
Sympathetic NS
Fight / flight airways, heart, blood vessels
35
Parasympathetic NS
Rest + digest responses airways, heart, GI Tract
36
What is airway resistance?
**Opposition to airflow in the respiratory tree** depends on friction + airways cross section Examples: * excess mucus production * increased growth of smooth muscle - reducing lumen size * contraction of airway smooth muscle = constriction of airways
37
What is **compliance**?
Indication of ability of lungs to stretch
38
What is **elastance**?
**Ability of lungs to recoil** Stiff lungs have low compliance + high elastic recoil (difficult to stretch + tend to return to resting position)
39
What causes fibrosis?
Lung damage (after TB) Build of fibrous tissue - no elasticity
40
Emphysema or COPD can cause...
...loss of elastance
41
How is breathing controlled centrally? (NS)
through **ANS** - autonomic nervous system CNS can override this + change rate + depth of breathing Can stop breathing for short period of time But due to the build up of CO2, chemoreceptors detect this in respiratory centres in the brain stem and stimulate breathing
42
What is Spirometry?
Measures lung volume
43
What is a Peak flow meter?
**Way of patients monitoring their lung function** Small hand held device Measures flow of air **out** of lungs In PEF (peak expiratory flow test), it rises rapidly due to forced expiration but drops **Constriction** of airways reduces peak flow
44
Name each part of the diagram
45
What is **obstructive** lung disease?
Shortness of breath due to **difficulty exhaling all the air** from the lungs e.g. COPD, asthma
46
What is **restrictive** lung disease?
Patients **cannot fully fill their lungs with air** e.g. fibrosis
47
What is Respiratory **acidosis**?
48
VC in lung function tests
VC = FVC = forced vital capacity
49
VT in lung function tests
VT = tidal volume
50
TLC in lung function tests
TLC = total lung capacity
51
IRV in lung function tests
IRV = inspiration reserve volume
52
Describe oxygen dissociation curve
53
What does hyperventilation cause + how do we limit it
Loss of CO2 + Alkalosis The drop in pC02 + increase in pH leads to inhibition of hyperventilation to limit hyperventilation
54
What is Metabolic acidosis?
Body produces excessive amounts of acid (diabetes) Drop in pH stimulates ventilation to lower pCO2 e.g. diabetes
55
What is Metabolic alkalosis?
Increase in **bicarbonate** (HCO3-) conc Leads to **hypoventilation** to raise pC02
56
Contents of a cigarette smoke
Tar (forms sticky brown residue) Cyanide CO Heavy metals (cadmium) Arsenic Benzene Oxidative stress Benzo(a)pyrene (DNA damage) Acrolein (mitochondrial damage) Particulate matter + tar (effects on lungs)
57
Smoking decreases...
...lung function
58
How many people die each year of smoking in the UK
120,000 Causes one-third of all cancer deaths
59
How many cancer deaths is contributed from smoking
1/3

AAI: Pharmacology + Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions