Lungs, Pleura, & Thoracic Wall

Question 1

The mediastinum is found between what ribs?

Answer 1

T3-T9

Question 2

Which ribs are considered “atypical”?

Answer 2

ribs 1, 2, 11, and 12

Question 3

Which ribs are considered “true” ribs?

Answer 3

ribs 1-7

Question 4

Which ribs are considered “false” ribs?

Answer 4

ribs 8-10

Question 5

Which ribs are considered “floating” ribs?

Answer 5

11 and 12

Question 6

What makes up the joint of head of rib?

Answer 6

body of vertebra superior to rib; intervertebral disc; and body of vertebra of same number as rib

Question 7

What makes up the costotransverse joint?

Answer 7

tubercle of rib; transverse process of vertebra of same number as

Question 8

What makes up an intervertebral disc?

Answer 8

anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus

Question 9

What type of joint is an intervertebral joint?

Answer 9

symphysis

Question 10

What type of joints are a costovertebral joint of head of rib and costotransverse joint?

Answer 10

synovial plane of joint

Question 11

What type of joint is a sternocostal joint?

Answer 11

1st: primary cartilaginous joint

2nd-7th: synovial plane joints

Question 12

What type of joint is a sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 12

saddle joint

Question 13

What type of joint is a costochondral joint?

Answer 13

primary cartilaginous joint

Question 14

What type of joint is an interchondral joint?

Answer 14

synovial plane joint

Question 15

What type of joint is a manubriosternal joint?

Answer 15

symphysis joint

Question 16

What type of joint is a xiphisternal joint?

Answer 16

primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis joint)

Question 17

During forced inspiration, what direction does the thoracic skeleton (ribs) move?

Answer 17

expand outward

Question 18

During forced expiration, what direction does the thoracic skeleton (ribs) move?

Answer 18

inward

Question 19

What are the muscles of the thoracic skeleton?

Answer 19

intercostal muscles

Question 20

During inhalation do muscles contract or relax?

Answer 20

contract

Question 21

During expiration, do muscles contract or relax?

Answer 21

both, collectively decreasing the dimensions of the thoracic cavity

Question 22

Where are the muscles of respiration located?

Answer 22

anterior and posterior surfaces of the thorax

Question 23

What is the diaphragm shaped like?

Answer 23

a parachute

Question 24

When does the diaphragm contract and relax?

Answer 24

contracts during inspiration

relaxes during expiration

Question 25

What action do the external intercostal muscles have on the ribcage?

Answer 25

elevate

Question 26

What action do the internal intercostal muscles have on the ribs?

Answer 26

depress

Question 27

What action do the innermost intercostal muscles have on the ribs?

Answer 27

elevate

Question 28

What action does the transverses thoraces have on the ribs?

Answer 28

depress

Question 29

What action do the subcostal muscles have on the ribs?

Answer 29

depress

Question 30

What action does the levator costarum have on the ribs?

Answer 30

elevate

Question 31

What action does the serratus posterior superior have on the ribs?

Answer 31

elevate

Question 32

What action does the serratus posterior inferior have on the ribs?

Answer 32

depress

Question 33

What innervates the levator cost arum?

Answer 33

posterior rami of C8-T11

Question 34

What innervates the serratus posterior superior?

Answer 34

2nd-5th intercostal nerves

Question 35

What innervates the serratus posterior inferior?

Answer 35

9th-11th intercostal nerves

Question 36

What do the posterior and anterior intercostals arteries supply?

Answer 36

intercostal muscles and overlying skin, parietal pleura

Question 37

What does the internal thoracic artery supply?

Answer 37

By way of anterior intercostal arteries to intercostal spaces 1-6 and musculophrenic arteries to intercostal spaces 7-9

Question 38

What does the subcostal artery supply?

Answer 38

muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall and overlying skin

Question 39

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 39

3

Question 40

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 40

2

Question 41

While both right and left lungs have oblique fissures, the right lung also has the ___ fissure.

Answer 41

horizontal

Question 42

Is the thoracic duct located in the right or left lung?

Answer 42

superior lobe of the left lung

Question 43

What are the two nerves that innervate the lungs?

Answer 43

vagus and phrenic nerves

Question 44

In regards to blood supply to the lungs, where do the left bronchial arteries come from?

Answer 44

aorta

Question 45

In regards to blood supply to the lungs, where do the right bronchial arteries come from?

Answer 45

intercostal arteries, aorta, or left bronchial arteries

Question 46

What are the two veins in the lungs?

Answer 46

bronchial veins, pulmonary veins

Question 47

Where do the bronchial veins drain into?

Answer 47

azygos system right: azygos vein left: accessory hemiazygos vein or intercostal vein

Question 48

In regards to innervation of the lungs, what are the two sources of sympathetics?

Answer 48

postganglionic sympathetic pathway via the right and left pulmonary plexuses

Question 49

In regards to innervation of the lungs, what is the source of parasympathetics?

Answer 49

vagus nerve

Question 50

Describe what happens when an individual has a collapsed lung

Answer 50

Air infiltrating the pleural cavity (pneumothorax) can break surface tension between the visceral and parietal pleura. When this happens, the elastic lung tissue will recoil (collapse) leaving air filled space within the pleural cavity that prevents expansion of lung during inspiration

Question 51

Describe what happens when an individual has a hemothorax, hydrothorax, and chylothorax

Answer 51

Other substances such as blood (hemothorax) from a penetrating wound, serous fluid (hydrothorax), or lymph (chylothorax) that infiltrated the pleural cavity may also cause lung to collapse.

Question 52

What is pleuritis (pleurisy)?

Answer 52

inflammation of the pleura, may cause "scraping sounds" during auscultation, and can cause sharp stabbing pain

Question 53

What is a pulmonary embolism?

Answer 53

obstruction of pulmonary artery by blood clot, fat globule, or air bubble; passes from vein into right side of heart via vena cava and then travels through heart and into pulmonary artery, obstructing blood flow

Question 54

What is a common cause of PE?

Answer 54

Deep vein thrombosis

Question 55

What is bronchogenic carcinoma?

Answer 55

common type of lung cancer arising from bronchial epithelium, smoking is a major cause, highly metastatic due to association of lymphatics in bronchial tissue, typically metastasizes to brain and cranium

Question 56

What is malignant mesothelioma?

Answer 56

rarer type of lung cancer affecting pleura caused by exposure to asbestos; can affect other internal organs

Question 57

What is pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)?

Answer 57

bacterial infection of the lungs; can spread to other organs; contagion spread through the air through droplets from an infected individual coughing, sneezing, or talking; 1/3 of the world's population is currently infected but only 5-10% become sick or infectious