Lymphatic

Question 1

What is the function of primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 1

primary: where lymphocytes mature/grow, secondary: where lymphocytes are cloned and activated

Question 2

What are the characteristics of lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 2

originate from pockets, one-way valve, “flaps”

Question 3

What two veins form the thoracic trunk?

Answer 3

Superficial + deep veins

Question 4

What are the 2 ducts and where do they receive blood from?

Answer 4

Right lymphatic - right side of the body above chest + right arm,
Thoracic - rest of body

Question 5

What is lymphedema?

Answer 5

blockage of lymph drainage

Question 6

What are the three kinds of lymphocytes and what do they do?

Answer 6

T - cell-mediated, B: antibody-mediated, NK - immune surveillance

Question 7

Where and which cells do they develop?

Answer 7

Red bone marrow - B + NK cells, Thymus - T cells (leave marrow to thymus)

Question 8

What is the selection process for lymphocytes?

Answer 8

only 2% of lymphocytes go into bloodstream, rest die

Question 9

What are the 5 tonsils?

Answer 9

adenoid, pair of palatine, pair of lingual

Question 10

What does MALT do?

Answer 10

protect multiple tracts (respiratory, reproductive, digestive, etc.)

Question 11

What are the 3 lymph organs?

Answer 11

thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

Question 12

Where are lymph nodes located?

Answer 12

groin, armpits, neck

Question 13

What are some parts of the lymph nodes?

Answer 13

hilum, afferent + efferent lymphatics

Question 14

Where does lymph flow?

Answer 14

subcapsular space → outer cortex → deep cortex → medulla → efferent lymphatic

Question 15

What is the purpose of dendritic cells?

Answer 15

They start the immune response

Question 16

What are the characteristics of the thymus?

Answer 16

2 lobules, packed outer cortex + medulla

Question 17

What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 17

remove abnormal cells, store iron, start immune response

Question 18

What is white and red pulp made of?

Answer 18

white - macrophages + dendritic cells, red - lymphocytes

Question 19

What are the different parts of the innate (non-specific) defense?

Answer 19

Physical barriers, Phagocytes, Immune Surveillance, Inflammation, Fever

Question 20

What are the 3 types of interferons?

Answer 20

Beta, Alpha, Gamma

Question 21

Describe the complement system

Answer 21

2 pathways: classical + alternative. classical faster and more effective

Question 22

What are mast cells used for?

Answer 22

to release hormones that increase blood to capillaries and cause pain

Question 23

What’s the difference between active and passive immunity?

Answer 23

active - body produces it on its own, passive - gets antibodies from somewhere else

Question 24

What are the 4 properties of Adaptive defense?

Answer 24

Specificity, Versatility, Memory, Tolerance

Question 25

Why is having tolerance in an adaptive defense important?

Answer 25

It helps the body produce antibodies and kill the antigens quicker and more efficiently the next time you face it again

Question 26

Why is versatility important for our adaptive defense?

Answer 26

It makes sure we have all kinds of antibodies to prepare for any kind of antigen

Question 27

What are the different kinds of T cells?

Answer 27

Cytokine, Memory, Helper, Suppressor

Question 28

What is the function of helper T cells?

Answer 28

help activate b and cytotoxic cells

Question 29

What are MHC proteins and how are they separated?

Answer 29

glycoprotein to help t cells identify an antigen, 2 classes: Class 1 + 2

Question 30

What's the second binding cell that makes sure the cell isn't our own bodies?

Answer 30

Costimulation

Question 31

What is sensitization?

Answer 31

The activation of B cells

Question 32

What is the shape of an antibody?

Answer 32

Y-shape

Question 33

Where do antibodies bind to antigens?

Answer 33

epitopes/antigenic determinant sites

Question 34

What are immunoglobulins?

Answer 34

the (5) different kinds of antibodies

Question 35

What are the 7 ways of eliminating an antigen?

Answer 35

Neutralization, Precipitation/Agglutination, Phagocytes, Preventing Adhesion, Complement system, Opsonization, Inflammation

Question 36

What is Opsonization (eliminating an antigen)?

Answer 36

It marks a cell for phagocytosis

Question 37

What is precipitation/agglutination?

Answer 37

It's when an antibody can bind to more than one antigen

Question 38

What are the primary and secondary responses to antigens?

Answer 38

Primary - antibody titer (amount of antibodies in plasma) is lower Secondary - antibodies are more destructive and faster

Question 39

What is an autoimmune disorder?

Answer 39

When your body targets your own cells

Question 40

What is autoantibodies?

Answer 40

When antibodies are created for your own body

Question 41

What are 2 systems (other than lymphatic + immune) that can affect your immune response?

Answer 41

Nervous and endocrine systems influence the immune response

Question 42

Where is the thymus located?

Answer 42

In the chest, behind the sternum

Question 43

What is apoptosis?

Answer 43

programmed death of a cell