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Anatomy & Physiology > Urinary System Pt. 3 > Flashcards

Urinary System Pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the total cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

A

About 20-25% of the cardiac output

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2
Q

What is the primary role of the renal arteries?

A

To deliver blood to the kidneys

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3
Q

How does the renal blood flow compare to other organs?

A

Renal blood flow is higher than in most other organs

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4
Q

What is the role of the afferent arterioles in renal blood flow?

A

They supply blood to the glomerulus

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5
Q

What do efferent arterioles do in the context of renal blood flow?

A

They take blood away from the glomerulus

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6
Q

What are the peritubular capillaries in the kidneys?

A

A network of tiny blood vessels surrounding the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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7
Q

What is the vasa recta in the kidneys?

A

Specialized peritubular capillaries that supply the nephron loop

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8
Q

Why do the kidneys have a large amount of blood flow?

A

To maintain the necessary pressure and flow for filtration

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9
Q

What is autoregulation in the kidneys, and how does it work?

A

The kidneys can regulate their own blood flow by adjusting the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles

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10
Q

What is the myogenic mechanism in autoregulation?

A

A response to increased blood pressure, causing a constriction of afferent arterioles

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11
Q

What is the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?

A

A response to increased blood pressure causing a reduced GFR

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12
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

A region in the nephron where the distal convoluted tubule contacts the afferent and efferent arterioles

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13
Q

What cell types are present in the JGA?

A

Macula densa cells, granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells), and extraglomerular mesangial cells

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14
Q

What is the role of macula densa cells in the JGA?

A

They monitor the composition of the fluid in the distal convoluted tubule, and if it has enough sodium. If it doesn’t, it releases renin.

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15
Q

How do granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells) respond to changes in blood pressure?

A

They can contract when blood pressure drops and relax when it rises

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16
Q

What is the role of extraglomerular mesangial cells in the JGA?

A

They provide structural support and can communicate with each other and other JGA cells

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17
Q

What triggers the release of renin by granular cells?

A

Low blood pressure or sympathetic stimulation

18
Q

What does renin do when it’s released into the blood?

A

It initiates a cascade that ultimately results in increased blood pressure

19
Q

What are the three processes of urine formation in the nephron?

A

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

20
Q

What is reabsorption in the nephron?

A

The process of moving substances from the filtrate back into the bloodstream

21
Q

What is secretion in the nephron?

A

The movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid

22
Q

In which part of the nephron does the majority of reabsorption occur?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

23
Q

What substances are typically reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Glucose, amino acids, ions, and water

24
Q

What is the descending limb of the nephron loop primarily permeable to?

A

Water

25
Q

What is the ascending limb of the nephron loop impermeable to?

A

Water

26
Q

What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule in reabsorption and secretion?

A

It fine-tunes the composition of tubular fluid and plays a role in calcium ion regulation

27
Q

What is the collecting system in the nephron, and what happens there?

A

It is where variable amounts of water are reabsorbed, and urine is formed

28
Q

What is the countercurrent multiplier system, and what is its purpose?

A

It is a system in the nephron loop that concentrates urine by creating a gradient of increasing osmolarity

29
Q

How does the countercurrent exchange system work in the vasa recta?

A

It helps maintain the osmotic gradient in the medulla by exchanging solutes and water

30
Q

What hormones influence water reabsorption and urine concentration?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

31
Q

What is the role of ADH in water reabsorption?

A

ADH increases water reabsorption by the collecting ducts

32
Q

Where is ADH produced, and what stimulates its release?

A

ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and released in response to increased blood osmolarity or decreased blood volume

33
Q

What is the primary target of aldosterone, and how does it affect the nephron?

A

Aldosterone’s target is the distal convoluted tubule, and it promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

34
Q

What is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and what is its role in water and electrolyte balance?

A

ANP is a hormone released by the heart in response to high blood pressure, and it promotes sodium and water excretion

35
Q

How do the kidneys help regulate blood pH?

A

By excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions

36
Q

What is the role of the buffer systems in maintaining blood pH?

A

Buffers can temporarily bind to excess hydrogen ions, preventing drastic changes in blood pH

37
Q

How do the kidneys help regulate calcium ion levels in the blood?

A

By reabsorbing or excreting calcium ions in the distal convoluted tubules

38
Q

What hormones are involved in regulating calcium ion levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

39
Q

What is the role of PTH in calcium regulation?

A

PTH increases calcium ion reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules

40
Q

What is the role of calcitonin in calcium regulation?

A

Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys

Anatomy & Physiology (24 decks)

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