Lymphatic Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
what are the functions of the lymphatic system?
A
- produce, maintain, and distributes lymphocytes to defend against infection. (reach maturity in lymphoid tissue)
- monitor and filter lymph
- returns tissue fluid that has been forced out of the bloodstream back to veins (prevents edema)
2
Q
Components of lymphatic system
A
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymphatic tissue
- Lymphatic Organs
3
Q
Lymphatic vessels consist of?
A
capillaries, small and large vessels
4
Q
Lymphatic tissue is..
A
MALT and tonsils
5
Q
what are the lymphatic organs?
A
thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes
6
Q
Lymphatic vessels carry ______ from _____ tissue to the venous system
A
lymph/peripheral
7
Q
Lymphatic system returns fluid loss back to?
A
the bloodstream
8
Q
lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries because? (5)
A
- blind pockets
- are larger in diameter
- have thinner walls
- a flatter outline
- fluid (lymph) enters the walls but does not exit through the walls
9
Q
Lymphatic capillaries are ___ ____ vessels that are ______ to tissue fluid and proteins
A
one-way/permeable
10
Q
what can enter into the capillaries but will be moved to larger vessels to be filtered?
A
Bacteria, Viruses and debris
11
Q
Lymphatic capillaries are not in?
A
Bone
CNS
Cornea
Splenic pulp
12
Q
what are lacteals?
A
specialized type of capillary located in the intestines that transports absorbed fat from intestines
13
Q
Small lymphatic vessels are?
A
larger than capillaries and have valves similar to veins and are pale gold in color.
14
Q
there are how many types of major lymph-collecting vessels?
A
2
15
Q
what are the 2 lymph-collecting vessels?
A
superficial lymphatics and deep lymphatics
16
Q
superficial lymphatics are located where?
A
- subcutaneous layer in the skin
* mucous membrane in digestive respiratory, urinary and reproductive glands
17
Q
deep lymphatics are?
A
larger than lymphatic vessels and they flow into the deep veins and arteries and the pulp helps move lymph.
18
Q
Superficial and deep lymphatics converge to make?
A
lymphatic trunks
19
Q
lymphatic trucks empty into?
A
two large collecting vessels or ducts.
20
Q
what does the thoracic duct collect?
A
collects lymph from inferior to the diaphragm of the body and left side superior to the diaphragm.
21
Q
where does the thoracic duct begin?
A
at L2 vertebrae with a sac-like chamber called “cisterna chyli”
22
Q
where does the Cisterna Chyli receive lymph from?
A
right and left lumbar trunks and intestinal trunks.
23
Q
the thoracic ducts drains into?
A
it drains into the system circulation at the left brachiocephalic vein.
24
Q
the right lymphatic ducts collects lymph from?
A
the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm.
25
the R. lymphatic ducts is THOUGHT to drain into what?
the systemic circulation at right subclavian.
26
when blood vessels are dilated they allow _____ blood flow while becoming "leaky" allowing some fluid to escape the vessels.
increased.
27
the lymphatic system ______ this fluid and returns it back to the ____ for circulation.
recycles/veins
28
what is caused when the lymphatic circulation is blocked or impaired?
lymphedema
29
lymphedema affects mainly???
limbs, face, neck and abdomen
30
lymphedema has how many progressive stages?
3
31
stage 1 of lymphedema is when?
you press into swollen limb and it leaves a pit.
32
stage 2 of lymphedema is when?
pressure does not leave a pit. and the limb can become fibrotic.
33
stage 3 of lymphedema is when?
often called elephantiasis. generally only in legs, after lymphedema has went long untreated.
34
what are the 4 types of lymphoid tissue?
MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)
GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue)
BALT (bronchus associated lymphoid tissue)
NALT (nose associated lymphoid tissue)
35
GALT is found in the digestive system, which is?
Peyer's patches in the small intestines. it prevent bacteria from escaping from intestines.
36
tonsils are?
nodules in the walls of the pharynx that trap swallowed or inhaled bacteria.
37
there are _ tonsils and they form what?
5/ waldeyers ring.
38
what are the 5 tonsils? and what are the paired ones?
(1) pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
(2) L&R palatine
(2) L&R lingual (base of tongue)
39
Lymph nodes have a ____ ____ shape and about _ inch in size?
kidney bean/1
40
humans have approximately how many lymph nodes throughout the body found in the underarms, groin, chest and abdomen?
500-600
41
blood vessels and nerves attach at?
the hilus
42
there are two types of vessels that attach to each node... what are they?
afferent (carries lymph to)
| efferent (carries lymph away)
43
lymph nodes can provide warning of infection and send out _________ to fight infection.
lymphocytes.
44
the deep cortex is dominated by??
T cells
45
The outer cortex and medulla are dominated by??
B cells
46
what is located posterior to the sternum and partially overlies the heart?
thymus.
47
what is the principal organ responsible for the maturation of T-cells?
thymus.
48
they thymus secretes thymosin which stimulates ______ to become immunocompetent
T cells.
49
what is the blood thymus barrier?
prevents antigens from leaking into organs which prevent premature activation of lymphocytes.
50
what are the two layers of the thymus?
medulla and cortex
51
T cells mature in the cortex then move to medulla. after how many weeks do they enter into the bloodstream?
3 weeks.
52
what are the thymosins produces in the thymus?
thymosin a, b, V, thymopoietin and thymulin.
53
the T cells final location is in either?
the spleen or lymph node
54
spleen?
is the largest lymphoid organ located along posterior/lateral border of stomach
55
the 5 function of the spleen
1. filters and removes abnormal blood cells by phagocytosis
2. responds to antigens in blood by releasing B and T cells.
3. stores platelets
4. acts as a blood reservoir
5. site of RBC production in fetus
56
the spleen has red and white pulp, and the blood passes through the white pulp where ___ and ____ fixed macrophages to remove ______
free/fixed/pathogens
57
lymphocytes make up ___________ of white blood cells.
20 to 30%
58
Lymphocytes live how long?
4 years
59
T cells mature in? B cells mature in?
thymus/bone
60
3 classes of lymphocytes?
T cells
B cells
NK cells
61
what percent of lymphocyte cells are T cells?
80%
62
4 types of T cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Suppressor T cells
other(memory)
63
what do cytotoxic T cells do?
attack body's cells that are infected by pathogens
64
what do Helper T cells do?
Activate T and B cells
65
What do suppressor T cells do?
Inactivate T and B cells
66
B cells make up ______ of lymphocytes?
10 to 15%
67
B cells can differentiate into ____ cells which produce ______
Plasma cells/antibodies
68
NK cells make up ______ of lymphocytes?
5 to 10%
69
where do NK cells mature?
in bone
70
NK cells destroy?
abnormal human cells
71
non specific defenses?
```
physical barriers
phagocytic cells
immunological surveillance
interferon
complement
fever
inflammation
```
72
what are physical barriers?
Skin
Hair
Epithelial Cells
Mucus
73
the skin has sweat glands that produce?
lysozymes that inhabit bacteria
74
hair protects against?
insects
75
Epithelial tissues are connected by ______ to prevent penetration of bacteria
desmosomes
76
mucus provides a layer to prevent bacteria from coming into contact with what?
respiratory tract
77
there are two types of phagocytic cells...
Microphages
| Macrophages
78
what are the two types of microphages?
- Neutrophils (first to show up)
| - eosinophils (Phagocytose pathogens which have antibodies attached)
79
what are the types of macrophages?
free/wandering (can move around)(alveolar macrophages)
| Fixed (local in tissue, dont move normally)(microglia in CNS)
80
NK cells have immunological surveillance.... what do NK cells do?
they destroy abnormal human cells, quality control to check for cancer cells.
81
What do NK cells do to destroy abnormal cells?
release perforin (pokes holes)
82
what is an interferon?
a subtype of a biochemical called cytokines
83
how are cytokines released?
released by activated lymphocytes/infected cells which bind to infected human cells that are replicating viruses.
84
what are the three types of interferon?
Alpha interferon
Beta interferon
gamma interferon
85
what is alpha interferon released by?
they are released by a virus infected cell to warn other cells.
86
What is a beta interferon released by?
released by fibroblasts to slow inflammation in damaged areas.
87
what are gamma interferon released by?
they are released by activated T-Cells and NKC to activate macrophages in infected areas.
88
what do the complement proteins do?
attack and break down cell walls of bacteria and stimulates response to infection.
89
Fever........
helps to mobilize defenses, accelerates repairs and inhibits pathogens
90
at what temperature does it start causing neuron damage in the brain?
104
91
what is the cytokine that macrophages release?
interleukin 1 which is a pyrogen.
92
pyrogens can do what?
reset the homeostatic temperature higher so pathogens dont have optimal growth temperature.
93
What do pyrogens also do?
circulate back to the hypothalamus and resets the temperature regulation center. `
94
what does inflammation produce?
```
the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation which are:
tumor
rubor
heat
pain
```
95
what is another word for tumor?
local swelling
96
what is another word for rubor?
redness
97
what is another word for heat?
calor
98
what is another word for pain?
donor
99
what do damaged cells release? and what do they activate?
they release prostaglandins, proteins and potassium which activate Mast Cells causing the release of histamine and heparin.
100
what roles do Mast cells play in inflammation response?
* blood flow increase
* phagocytes activated
* capillary permeability change
* complement activated
* blood clotting walls off region
* raising of local temperature
* activation of specific defenses
101
what do specific defenses protect against?
particular threats and relies on activity of lymphocytes.
102
what are the two types of specific defenses?
T and B cells
103
what is a T cell responsible for?
they are responsible for "Cell meditated immunity" , which defends against abnormal body cells and pathogens inside cells.
104
what are B cells responsible for?
they are responsible for "antibody- mediated immunity" and defend against antigens and pathogens in body fluids.
105
what does a specific immunity respond to?
respond to threats on an individual basis.
106
what is innate immunity?
they are determined by persons genetics; present at birth.
107
what is acquired immunity?
is not present at birth but is produced by past exposure to the disease or received antibodies from other sources.
108
what are the two types of acquired immunity?
Active immunity
| Passive immunity
109
what is active immunity?
it is obtained when a person is exposed to a previous disease/toxin/vaccine which causes antibodies to be made in response
110
what are two types of active immunity?
naturally acquired- develops after exposure to antigens in the environment
Artificially acquired- developed after getting a vaccine
111
what is Passive immunity?
it is obtained when a different person who has been exposed to a past disease/toxin transfuses their antibodies. (mother to fetus or milk to baby)
112
what are the two types of passive immunity?
Naturally acquired- after transfer of maternal antibodies to baby through placenta/ breast milk
Artificially acquired- develops after administrating antibodies to combat infection
113
what is MHC? and its definition?
Major histocompatibility complex- they are glycoproteins located on the cell membrane
114
what are the MHC class types?
```
MHC class I
MHC class II
```
115
what is MHC class I found on? and what do they bind to?
they are found on all nucleated cells and they bind to CD8 T cells
116
what is MHC class II found on? and what do they bind to?
they are found on all APCs and they bind to CD4 T cells
117
what happens when an antigen binds to an MHC I?
it signals an abnormal cell in the human body or a virus that has infected a human cell
118
where are MHC I initially found and what do they do?
they are inside the cell initially and if an abnormal ENDOGENOUS cell protein is made, MHC I binds to it and takes it to the cell membrane surface
119
what happens when a CD8 T cell sees the flag displayed by MHC I?
they see it and attack and destroy the abnormal cell
120
an inactive CD8 T cell.....
binds to MHC I and the antigen becomes "costimulated" by infected cell.
121
what are the two binding processes for a CD8 T cell?
Primary where the MHC I must bind to a T cell receptor
| Seconday where the CD8 receptor must be stimulated by infected cell
122
what is the secondary binding process of the CD8 used for?
prevents the body's immune system from falsely attacking normal cells/tissue
123
what are the three different CD8 T cells that it divides into after being stimulated?
Cytotoxic T cells
Memory T cells
Suppressor T cells
124
what will the cytotoxic T cell do?
enter tissues and attack antigens
125
what will Memory T cells do?
they remember the antigen for future encounters
126
what will suppressor T cells do?
they will inhibit both T and B cells to limit the amount of immune response
127
what do Killer T cells do?
they travel throughout the tissues until they encounter an antigen displayed by MCH I proteins
128
Killer T cells will destroy the target cells by? (3)
1. releasing perforin which punctures the cell membrane of the target cell.
2. secreting lymphotoxin which disrupts metabolic activities in target cell
3. releasing cytokines, a group of biochemicals which can stimulate Apoptosis causing target cell to commit suicide
129
what are APCs nd what do they consist of?
Antigen Presenting Cells which consist of free/fixed macrophages, Kupffer Cells in the liver and Microglia in the CNS and B cells
130
if an APC phagocytizes an organism/antigen where will it be destroyed?
in a lysosome
131
APCs have MHC II which are located where initially and will bind to what?
they are initially located on the inside of the cell and will bind to a small fragment and take it to the outside and display it on the membrane of a CD4 Helper T cell
132
what happens when an inactive CD4 Helper T cell binds to a MHC II and activated the Helper cell?
it causes it to divide and form an active helper T cell and memory T cell
133
an active Helper T cell will spread the information and destroy similar pathogens by activating what?
a Killer T cell and/or B cells
134
MHC II only appears where if they are processing or digesting the antigens?
in the cell membrane
135
what happens to a B cell if an antigen in internalized and bound to an MHC II?
it will cause it to become sensitized.
136
when a B cell presents the antigen and it binds with a Helper T cell what does it cause?
costimulation
137
once Helper T cells bind to MHC II and B cells it causes the B cell to what?
become activated causing it to divide many times producing "plasma cells" and "memory B cells"
138
plasma cells do what?
they produce the antibody to be released throughout the body. (can produce 100 million antibodies each hour)
139
what are the 5 types of antibodies?
```
IgG
IgE
IgD
IgM
IgA
```
140
IgG
Largest number/most common; responsible for resistance against virus and bacteria
141
IgE
important in allergic response; causes mast cells to release histamine and protects against infection by helminths; attaches to surface of basophils and mast cells
142
IgD
located on surface of B cells
143
IgM
first type of antibody secreted after antigen arrives; has 5 antibody starburst (pentamer)
144
IgA
found in mucus and tears; exists as a dimer (2 chains)
145
each Y antibody has what two regions?
a variable region and a constant region
146
what is the variable region?
has one set of light chains and one set of heavy chains and has the antigen binding site(can change)
147
what is the constant region?
has a macrophage binding site and complement binding site (does not change)
148
what is the site called where the portion of the antigen, which recognizes and antibody binds to?
antigenic determinant site
