Lymphatic and Immune Sys.

Question 1

the ability of the body to fight off disease

Answer 1

resistance

Question 2

the inability of the body to fight off disease

Answer 2

Susceptibility

Question 3

disease producing organisms such as bacteria, viruses and parasites

Answer 3

pathogens

Question 4

the capacity of a pathogen to cause disease

Answer 4

virulence
-the more virulent, the greater the potential to make a person sick

Question 5

general responses to prevent invasion by a wide range of pathogens
- does not distinguish one invader from another so the response is pretty much always the same

Answer 5

Non-Specific Resistance to Disease

Question 6

non-specific resistance to disease is also known as

Answer 6

innate immunity

Question 7

generation of antibodies (plasma cells) or cells (cytotoxic t-cells) that are specific to one pathogen

Answer 7

Specific Resistance to Disease
- has a memory component
- also called

Question 8

specific resistance to disease is also know as what (2)

Answer 8

Adaptive or Acquired Immunity

Question 9

skin and mucous membranes form a ___ line of defense and provide both ___ and ___ barriers

Answer 9

physical, chemical

Question 10

4 things that provide a first line of defense

Answer 10

-skin
-mucous membranes
-fluids
-chemicals

Question 11

4 ways fluid provides a first line of defense

Answer 11

-Lacrimal apparatus of eye
-Saliva washes mouth
-Urine cleanses urinary system
-Vomiting and diarrhea expel pathogens

Question 12

___ breaks down bacterial cell walls
- present in tears, saliva, perspiration, nasal secretions, and tissue fluid

Answer 12

lysozyme

Question 13

4 examples of chemicals that provide a first line of defense

Answer 13

-sebum
-gastric juices
-vaginal secretions
-perspiration

all are acidic

Question 14

second line of defense are ___ defenders

Answer 14

internal

Question 15

2 antimicrobial substances that form an aspect of our second line of defense

Answer 15

-interferons
-complement

Question 16

non-specific defenses include both ___ and ___ lines of defense. Specifically involving which 4 mechanisms

Answer 16

-first and second
1. skin and mucous membranes, fluids and chemicals
2. antimicrobial substances
3. natural killer cells
4. phagocytosis- neutrophils and macrophages

Question 17

antimicrobial substance that interferes with virus replication

Answer 17

interferon

Question 18

anti-

Answer 18

against

Question 19

auto-

Answer 19

self

Question 20

chylo-

Answer 20

juice
ex) cisterna chyli

Question 21

gen-

Answer 21

to produce

Question 22

immuno-

Answer 22

protection

Question 23

lact-

Answer 23

milk

Question 24

lympho-

Answer 24

clear fluid

Question 25

phago-

Answer 25

eat or swallow

Question 26

reticulo-

Answer 26

netlike

Question 27

spleno-

Answer 27

spleen

Question 28

thymo-

Answer 28

thymus

Question 29

consists of interstitial fluid, sm. amount of protein, dietary lipids, and lipid soluble vitamins and lymphocytes

Answer 29

lymph

Question 30

lymphatic tissue is a specialized form of ___ connective tissue that contains large amounts of ___

Answer 30

reticular, lymphocytes

Question 31

4 functions of the lymphatic sys

Answer 31

-draining fluid not reabsorbed by capillary beds -return of leaked plasma proteins to blood -transporting dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins from GI tract to blood -protection against invasion of microorganisms through immune responses

Question 32

encapsulated organs w/ lots of B and T cells

Answer 32

lymph nodes

Question 33

lymphatic capillaries are found throughout the body except where (4)

Answer 33

-avascular tissue -CNS -splenic pulp -red bone marrow

Question 34

sm. intestine has ___, specialized lymphatic capillaries in the villi of intestinal epithelial cells, for dietary lipid uptake.

Answer 34

lacteals

Question 35

lymph containing lipids

Answer 35

chyle

Question 36

lymphatic capillaries merge into ___ and then pass through ___ ___. The lymph is then pushed into the trunks and finally the ___, before returning into the bloodstream

Answer 36

vessels, lymph nodes, ducts

Question 37

2 pumps that cause flow of lymph

Answer 37

-musculoskeletal pump -respiratory pump

Question 38

the thoracic duct drains into which side

Answer 38

L side

Question 39

name of lymphatic duct on R side

Answer 39

R lymphatic duct

Question 40

5 lymph trunks and the areas they collect lymph from

Answer 40

-Lumbar (R and L): lower limbs, viscera of pelvis, kidneys, adrenal glands and abdominal wall -Intestinal: stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, part of liver -bronchomediastinal (R and L): thoracic region, diaphragm, lungs, heart, and part of liver -Subclavian (R and L): upper limbs -Jugular (R and L): head and NK

Question 41

main collecting duct of lymphatic sys (receives lymph from L side of body)

Answer 41

cisterna chyli

Question 42

which duct is longer

Answer 42

thoracic (L lymphatic duct)

Question 43

tissue swelling d/t inability of lymph sys. to return excess tissue fluid/lymph to blood

Answer 43

lymphedema

Question 44

treatment for lymphedema

Answer 44

manual lymphatic drainage (MLD)

Question 45

primary lymphatic organs (2)

Answer 45

-red bone marrow -thymus

Question 46

sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent (form B and T cells)

Answer 46

primary lymphatic organs

Question 47

where does B cell maturation take place

Answer 47

red Bone marrow (in flat bones and epiphyses of long bones)

Question 48

where does T cell maturation occur

Answer 48

the Thymus

Question 49

sites where most immune responses occur and mature cells reside

Answer 49

secondary lymphatic organs

Question 50

secondary lymphatic organs (3)

Answer 50

-lymph nodes -spleen -lymphatic nodules (ex. tonsils)

Question 51

feats of the thymus

Answer 51

-location of T cell maturation -found b/w lungs in SUP mediastinum -bilobed organ that shrinks w/ age

Question 52

how many lymph nodes in body and where are most found

Answer 52

~600 w/ heavy concentrations around mammary glands, armpits, and groin

Question 53

supportive connective tissue of lymph nodes

Answer 53

stroma

Question 54

functional part of lymph node that consists of the cortex and medulla

Answer 54

parenchyma

Question 55

lymph flows through a node by entering through one of many ___ vessels and by exiting out or 1 or 2 ___ vessels

Answer 55

afferent efferent

Question 56

in lymph nodes ___ fibers trap substances which are then destroyed by ___ or ___

Answer 56

reticular macrophages lymphocytes

Question 57

the parenchyma of the spleen contains ___ and ___ ___

Answer 57

white and red pulp

Question 58

area in spleen where lymphocytes, macrophages, T and B cells carry out immune function

Answer 58

white pulp

Question 59

RBCs and platelets are recycled here

Answer 59

splenic cords in the red pulp of sleen

Question 60

4 funcs of spleen

Answer 60

-immune responses: site of B cell proliferation into plasma cells (white pulp) -phagocytosis of worn out RBC and platelets (red pulp) -stores and releases platelets in times of demand (red pulp) via sympathetic nervous system stimulation -formation of blood in fetus (red pulp)

Question 61

MALT

Answer 61

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Question 62

multiple aggregations of lymphatic nodules embedded in a mucous membrane

Answer 62

tonsils

Question 63

group of ~ 20 inactive proteins which circulate in the blood plasma which when activated interact in a specific manner and sequence to promote the lysis of certain microbes and release certain chemicals that enhance certain immune rxns

Answer 63

complement system

Question 64

4 actions of activated complement proteins

Answer 64

-lyse cell walls of certain microbes via membrane attack complex (MAC attack) -increase capillary permeability and dilate arterioles -attrack leukocytes to site of invasion (CHEMOTAXIS) -coat the surface of the microbes w/ opsonins, thereby making them recognizable to neutrophils and macrophages which will phagocytize it (OPSONIZATION)

Question 65

natural killer cells are ___ but not a T or B cell. They release ___ or ___ to induce cytolysis or apoptosis

Answer 65

lymphocyte, perforin, granzymes

Question 66

2 different phagocytes

Answer 66

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 67

first phagocytes to arrive at site of infection

Answer 67

neutrophils

Question 68

4 feats of macrophages

Answer 68

-2 types: wandering (develop from monocytes) and fixed -EMIGRATION of them is dependent of CHEMOTAXIS -the ingest invader by extending pseudopods around and engulfing

Question 69

chemical attraction of phagocytes to a certain location

Answer 69

chemotaxis

Question 70

phagocytes extend pseudopods and squeeze through narrow intercellular clefts of adjacent endothelial cells

Answer 70

emigration

Question 71

phagosome merges with a lysosome to form a ___

Answer 71

phagolysosome

Question 72

5 steps of phagocytosis of a microbe

Answer 72

-chemotaxis -adherence -ingestion -digestion -killing

Question 73

a localized response to tissue damage which can occur when bacteria invade tissues. Triggered by release of histamine from mast cells.

Answer 73

inflammation

Question 74

5 signs of inflammation

Answer 74

-redness -pain -heat -swelling -loss of function

Question 75

substances recognized as foreign and which provoke an immune response

Answer 75

antigens

Question 76

adaptive immunity is distinguished from innate immunity by (2)

Answer 76

specificity memory

Question 77

respond to antigens by producing antibodies and able to distinguish self from non-self

Answer 77

specificity

Question 78

the ability to remember previously encountered antigens and mount a quicker and stronger immune response

Answer 78

memory

Question 79

foreign antigens located outside a cell

Answer 79

exogenous antigens

Question 80

foreign antigens produced inside a cell: ex) viral proteins produced in host cells

Answer 80

endogenous antigen

Question 81

cells that belong to our own body have special cell membrane proteins that identify the cells as "self" known as ___ ___ ___

Answer 81

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 82

MHC are also known as ___ ___ ___ (HLA)

Answer 82

human leukocyte antigen