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Biology 11 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functions of the Lymphatic System?

A

defend the body against disease

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2
Q

What are the lymphatic organs?

A
  1. Red Bone Marrow
  2. Thymus Gland
  3. Tonsils
  4. Spleen
  5. Lymph Vessels
  6. Lymph Nodes
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3
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic capillaries?

A

take up and return excess fluid to the bloodstream

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4
Q

What do lacteals do?

A
  1. recieve lipoproteins
  2. transport them to bloodstream
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5
Q

Spleen

A
  • found in all vertebrates
  • mechanical filtration of blood
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6
Q

Thymus

A
  • active immune response through humoral and cell-mediated pathways
  • develops T-lymphnodes from hematopoietic progenitor cells
  • has 2 identical lobes
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7
Q

Appendix

A
  • vestigal organ in humans
  • found in digestive tract of most herbivores
  • may carry and protect beneficial bacteria for the fuctions of the human colon
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8
Q

What is appendicitis?

A
  • inflamation of the appendix
  • may lead to appendix rupturing and even death if untreated
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9
Q

Lactile

A

absorbs dietary fats

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10
Q

Macrophage

  • develop from…
  • function
  • description
A
  • develop form monocytes
  • attack foreign microbes by phagocytosis
  • major component of the vertebrates lymphatic system
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11
Q

What are the two types of defense mechanisms?

A
  1. Non-specific defense mechanisms
  2. Specific defense mechanism
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12
Q

Describe the nonspecific defense mechanisms

A

First line of defense

  • skin
  • mucous membrane
  • secretions of skin and mucous membranes

(physical barrier/defense)

Second line of defense

  • phagocytic WBCs
  • Antimicrobial proteins
  • Inflammatory response
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13
Q

Describe the Specific defense mechanism

A

Third line of defense

  • Lymphocytes
  • Antibodies
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14
Q

What are the different human secretions?

Where do they come from?

A
  1. Sebaceous = ear
  2. Sweat = skin (sweat glands)
  3. Mucous = nose
  4. Saliva = mouth (salvatory glands)
  5. Tears = eye (tear ducts)
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15
Q

What is the function of human secretions?

How do they perform their function?

A

They prevent colonization by microbes

Some give the skin a pH of 3-5, acidic enough to kill microbes. Others inhibit with washing action.

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16
Q

What do human secretions contain to help them fight microbes?

What is their function?

A

antimicrobial proteins - lysosomes

digest cell walls of bacteria

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17
Q

What does the second line of defense mainly depend on? Describe it.

A

Phagocytosis

The engulfing of another substance (phagosome)

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18
Q

What are the different phagocytes?

A
  1. neutrophils - 60-70% of all WBCs
  2. monocytes - 5% of WBCs; more effective phagocyte
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19
Q

What does eosinophils defend against?

How does it accomplish this?

A

Eosinophils defend against large parasitic invaders

They position themselves to the outer wall of a parasite, then discharge destructive enzymes from cytoplasmic granules

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20
Q

What do Natural Killer (NK) cells attack?

How do they attack?

A

NK cells don’t attack microorganisms but destroy virus-infected body cells and potentially cancerous abnormal body cells

They attack on the cell’s membrane causing them to lyse

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21
Q

What is one way microbes have developed to evade the second line of defense?

A

outer capsules

Myobacterium tuberculosis, are readily engulfed but are resistant to lysosomal destruction, and can even reproduce inside the macrophage

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22
Q

What triggers an inflammatory response in the body?

A
  1. damage to tissue by physical injury
  2. entry of microorganisms
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23
Q

Outline the inflammatory response of the body

A

Release of histamine

  • by injured tissue cells and mast cells
  • causes capillaries to dilate and increase blood flow

Phagocytize pathogens and Release of cytokines

  • by macrophages and dendritic cells
  • stimulate inflammatory response
  • cytokines calls other cells to come

Monocytes become macrophages

  • squeeze through capilliary wall (with neutrophils) and phagocytize pathogens

Blood clotting

  • walls of capillary and prevents blood loss
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24
Q

What is responsible for allergies?

It is released by what?

A

histamine

released by basophils and mast cells

25
What is discharged by leukocytes and damaged tissue cells? It is responsible for what?
**prostaglandins** responsible for increased blood flow to site of injury
26
Cytokines are secreted by what? What do they do?
Secreted by **blood vessel endothelial cells** and **monocytes** * attract phagocytes to the area * induce the production of toxic forms of O2 in phagocyte lysosomes * induce the release of histamine from basophils
27
Fever, another systemic response to infection, can be triggered by what?
toxins from pathogens or by pyrogens
28
How does a fever contribute to defense?
Inhibits growth of some microbes facilitates phagocytosis speeds up tissue repair
29
What is the **compliment system**?
* complimented by antibodies * carry out steps that lead to **lysis** of microbes * some complement components work with **chemokines** *(aka cytokines)* to attract phagocytes to infection site
30
What are **interferons**? Why are they useful?
**interferons** are proteins secreted by *virus-infected cells*, which signal nearby cells to produce chemicals inhibiting viral reproduction. Make the host cells more resistant to viruses, thus limiting cell-to-cell spread of viruses
31
What does the third line of defense rely on?
lymphocytes
32
What are the two types of lymphocytes? Differentiate each.
**B lymphocytes** * develop from **B**one Marrow * has **2** antigen-binding sites * respond to **extracellular** infection **T lymphocytes** * develop from **T**hymus * has **1** antigen-binding site * respond to **intracellular** infection *(destroy host cell)**​*
33
What elicits a specific response by lymphocytes?
a *foreign molecule* called an **antigen**
34
describe antigens
* made of **protein** * target of **antibodies** (WBCs), from B lymphocytes
35
Describe **Immunoglobins** (Igs)
* it is an **antibody** found in *plasma cells* * attach to a specific antigen's **epitope** via *lock and key* * epitope - antigen's binding site
36
What are **antigen receptors** on a **B cell**?
* transmembrane versions of antibodies * aka membrane antibodies/immunoglobins * allows B cells to **recognize** the antigen
37
How do **antigen receptors** on a **T cell** differ from those on a B cell?
they are structurally related, but never produced in secreted form
38
What allows the immune system to respond to millions of antigens, and thus, millions of potential pathogens?
The **high variety of B and T cells** in the body each with a very particular and specific antigen receptor
39
Outline **clonal expansion**
1. Antigen molecules pair up with antigen receptors 2. Differentiation into **effector cells** and **memory cells**
40
Differentiate effector cells and memory cells
**Effector cells** * eliminate antigen by... * secreting antibodies * signal other cells to secrete antibodies **Memory cells** * remember antigen for future recognition *(immunity)*
41
What are the **benefits of attaching antibodies**? Expound on each.
**Neutralization** * block viral binding site = neutralizing it **Opsonization** * cooperation of 2nd & 3rd line of defense * helps macrophage **Compliment Activation** * attachment of antibodies * leading to lysis
42
43
What is the **primary immune response**?
* first encounter with the pathogen * B cells generate effector B cells *(plasma cells)* * T cells generate effector T cells
44
Explain **Vaccination**
* introducing the pathogen sequence * same sequence w/ lesser effects * *​*sequence will trigger primary immune response * Memory Cells will grant host future immunity
45
What is the **secondary immune response**?
second exposure to a previously encountered antigen
46
Differentiate the primary and secondary immune responses
**Primary immune response** * initial exposure **Secondary immune response** * second exposure * faster effects * produce more lymphocytes * prolonged effects * **more effective**
47
When B and T cells are maturing in the bone marrow and thymus, their antigen receptors are tested for what? Describe it
**potential self-reactivity** if they're able to distinguish **self** (host cells) from **nonself** (foreign cells)
48
T cells interact with what molecules to determine if it is a host cell or not?
**Major histocompatibility complex** (MHC)
49
What are the two main classes of MHC molecules to mark the cell as self?
**Class I** * found in almost all *nucleated* cells **Class II** * only in *macrophages, B cells, activated T cells* and *inside the thymus*
50
What are the two main types of T cells? What MHC molecule do they respond to? How do they respond?
**CD8 Cytotoxic** T cells (Tc) * Class I * killing infected host cells **CD4 Helper** T cells (TH) * Class II * send out chemical signals to call other cell types to fight pathogen
51
What are the **5 Classes of Immunoglobulins?**
1. IgM 2. IgG 3. IgA 4. IgD 5. IgE
52
Describe **IgM**
* **biggest Ig** (pentamer) * **first to be produced and respond** * **very effective** * promotes **neutralization** and **cross-linking** of antigens
53
Describe **IgG**
* **most abundant** in blood * "swiss knife" * **most prevalent & effective** * only during **secondary immune response** * promotes **neutralization, oponization** and **cross-linking** of antigens * only Ig that can **cross placenta**
54
Describe **IgA**
* 2nd most prevalent * found in all **mucosal surfaces** (secretions) * **localized defense** by *neutralization* and *cross-linking* of antigens
55
Describe **IgD**
* on surface of B cells before antigen exposure * acts as **antigen receptors**
56
Describe **IgE**
* present in blood at low concentrations * causes **allergic reactions** * triggers **release of histamine** from basophils and mast cells
57
Explain **Blood Transfusions**
58
What is **Rhesus factor**?
Another blood-typing system using **Rh+** or **Rh-**
59
What is known as the **hemolytic disease of the newborn**? Expound.
**Erythroblastosis fetalis** * newborn has Rh+ and mother is Rh- * mother's immune response identifies baby as foreign * First baby is *safe* because still in primary response (IgM can't cross placenta) * Succeeding babies *die* because already in secondary response (IgG can cross placenta and kill baby)

Biology 11 (5 decks)

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