Regulatory System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 types of Intercellular Communication?
A
- Endocrine signaling
- Paracrine signaling
- Autocrine signaling
- Synaptic signaling
- Neuroendocrine signaling
2
Q
Explain Endocrine Signaling
A
secreted molecules diffuse into bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells
3
Q
Explain Paracrine Signaling
A
secreted molecules diffues locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells
4
Q
Explain Autocrine Signaling
A
secreted molecules diffues locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them
5
Q
Explain Synaptic Signaling
A
- neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissues.
- unique to nervous system.
- similar to paracrine signaling (locally, but to nearby synapse).
- Neurons and Muscle cells only.
6
Q
Explain Neuroendocrine signaling
A
neurohormones are released into bloodstream and trigger responses anywhere in the body
7
Q
Different Types of Signaling Molecules
A
- Local Regulators
- Neurotransmitters
- Neurohormones
- Pheromones
- Hormones
8
Q
Local Regulators
A
-
Growth Factor
* bind to cell surface stimulating cell division -
Cytokines
* signals to cause an immune response (inflammation) - Nitric Oxide (NO)
- to kill bacteria and cancer cell when secreted by WBCs
- can act as a neurotransmitter when secreted by neurons
- dilates the walls of blood vessels when secreted by endothelial cells
- Prostaglandins (PGs)
- modified fatty acids
- promote fever and inflammation and intensify pain
9
Q
Neurotransmitters
A
- secreted by neurons at synapses
- diffuse a very short distance
- bind receptors on target cells
10
Q
Neurohormones
A
- secreted by neurosecretory cells
- diffuse from nerve cell endings into bloodstream
- ADH (Antidiuretic hormone; vasopressin)
11
Q
Function of ADH
A
promotes re-absorption of water
12
Q
Pheromones
A
- released into the external environment
- triggers a social response from members of the same species
- mark trails for food
- defining territories
- warning of predators
- attracting potential mates
13
Q
Hormones
A
- chemical messengers of the body
- regulate growth and development
- control function of various tissues
- support reproductive functions
- regulate metabolism
14
Q
Differentiate the alpha and beta Epinephrine
A
Alpha
- constrict blood vessels
Beta
- dilates blood vessels (relaxation = heart beats slower = lower blood pressure)
- break down glucose in liver
15
Q
Function of the Endocrine System
A
controls animals activities via hormones
16
Q
Hormones
A
- released into the blood in small amounts - transported by the circulatory system to target cells - they initiate physiological responses
17
Q
Hypothalamus
A
most important organ of the Endocrine System - links the endocrine and nervous system via the pituitary gland
18
Q
Major Endocrine Glands (HyPPiT PAdPaK OT)
A
- Hypothalamus 2. Pineal gland 3. Pituitary gland 4. Thyroid gland 5. Parathyroid gland 6. Adrenal glands 7. Pancreas 8. Kidney 9. Ovaries 10. Testes
19
Q
Organs containing Endocrine Cells (THe LiSt KiS)
A
- Thymus 2. Heart 3. Liver 4. Stomach 5. Kidney 6. Small Intestine
20
Q
Hypothalamus
A
- most important organ of the Endocrine System - links the endocrine and nervous system via the pituitary gland
21
Q
What hormones do the Hypothalamus release?
A
- Releasing hormones - stimulate the anterior pituitary 2. Inhibiting hormones - prevent anterior pituitary
22
Q
Anterior Pituitary Gland releases what hormones and where are their targets?
A
- FSH and LH –> testes/ovaries 2. TSH –> thyroid 3. ACTH –> adrenal cortex 4. Prolactin –> Mammary glands 5. MSH –> Melanocytes 6. GH –> Liver, bones, and tissues
23
Q
How are the release of hormones regulated?
A
Stimulus and Feedback
24
Q
What is Hypopituitary dwarfism
A
Decrease body growth due to low levels of GH - proportionate little person because all growth of the individual’s structures are decreased
25
Thyroid gland releases what hormones?
1. T3 2. T4 (has 1 more Iodine atom than T3) the only cells that can absorb iodine 3. Calcitonine -lowers blood calcium level - contradicted by parathryroid hormone from parathryroid gland
26
How do bones release calcium
Osteoclasts destroy some bone to release Calcium
27
What is hypoparathyoidism?
- the lack of Parathyroid Hormone - calcium levels drop - convulsive contraction of skeletal muscles
28
What is a Simple Goiter
- Enlargement of thyroid gland caused by deficient iodine in diet - when thyroid produces and releases too much thyroid hormone
29
What is Cretinism
- from malfunctioning of thyroid gland at an early age - mentally retarded dwarf - severe stunted mental and physical growth
30
Adrenal Glands
- found at the tip of the kidneys - made of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
31
Adrenal Cortex
Corticosteriods - glucocorticoids -- reaises blood glucose - mineralocorticoids -- affects salt and water balance
32
Adrenal Medulla
Catecholamines - body's response to stress - prepares for fight or flight reactions - epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
33
Differentiate the short-term and long term stress response
SHORT TERM - effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine LONG TERM - effects of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
34
What are the third group og corticosteriods
Sex Hormones androgens -- secreted by adrenal cortex (along with estrogen and progesterone) -- growth spurt before puberty -- responsible for female sex drive
35
What is Cushing Syndrome
- caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood - rapid weight gain (esp in trunk and face)
36
What is Cushing Syndrome
- caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood - rapid weight gain (esp in trunk and face)
37
Pineal Gland
- found in the diencephalon of the brain - produces melatonin (involved in biological rhythms/cycles)
38
Melatonin Production
- inhibited by light and promoted by darkness (Blue light = 460-480 nm) - regulates biological clock (sleep cycle) \*winter nights are longer than summer nights
39
Pancreas
-has both endocrine and exocrine functions
40
What are the third group og corticosteriods
Sex Hormones (androgens) - secreted by adrenal cortex (along with estrogen and progesterone) - growth spurt before puberty - responsible for female sex drive
41
What are the Endocrine functions of the pancreas?
insulin and glucagon secreted by islets of Langerhans
42
What is the relationship of insuline and glucagon?
* Insulin lowers blood glucose levels
* Glucagon raises blood glucose levels
43
Diabetes mellitus
* high blood sugar levels
* symptoms: excessive urination and thirst, glucose in urine - can lead to renal failure, erectile dysfuctions, blindness, slow healing wounds, and arterial disease
* glucose can't enter cells = cells starve
* if severe, fat substitutes for glucose as major fuel source --\> production of acidic metabolites --\> life threatening lowering of blood pH
44
What are the 2 types of Diabetes mellitus
**Type 1**
* appears in childhood
* insulin injections
**Type 2**
* targets cells are not responding to insuline
* usually after 40
* biguanide meformin and lifestyle modification
45
Gonads
**Testes (male)**
* release Andrgens
**Ovaries (female)**
* release Estrogens and Progesterone
* both regulated by FSH and LH
46
Androgens
* support sperm formation
* promote maintenance of sex characteristics
47
Endocrine Regulation in Insects
prothoracicotropic hormone
