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Lymphatic system and immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?

A

1) Return interstitial fluids and proteins back into circulation
2) Provide the structural basis for the immune system
3) Transport dietary lipids

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2
Q

What does the lymphatic system return to circulation?

A

Interstitial fluids and proteins

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3
Q

What is the role of the lymphatic system in relation to the immune system?

A

Provides the structural basis for the immune system

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4
Q

What types of substances does the lymphatic system transport from the intestine?

A

Dietary lipids

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The lymphatic system helps return _______ and proteins back into circulation.

A

interstitial fluids

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6
Q

True or False: The lymphatic system does not play a role in transporting dietary lipids.

A

False

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7
Q

What are the three parts of the lymphatic system?

A

The three parts of the lymphatic system are Lymphatic Fluid, Lymph Vessels, and Lymph Organs and Tissues.

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8
Q

What is the first part of the lymphatic system?

A

The first part of the lymphatic system is Lymphatic Fluid.

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9
Q

What is the second part of the lymphatic system?

A

The second part of the lymphatic system is Lymph Vessels.

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10
Q

What is the third part of the lymphatic system?

A

The third part of the lymphatic system is Lymph Organs and Tissues.

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11
Q

What are lymph capillaries?

A

Very permeable vessels found in all tissues of the body EXCEPT: bone, teeth, bone marrow & CNS.

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12
Q

Where are lymph capillaries NOT found?

A

Bone, teeth, bone marrow & CNS.

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13
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Specialized lymph capillaries that drain the small intestine of dietary lipids.

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14
Q

What is the collecting duct?

A

Where all the capillaries empty into

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15
Q

What are the two types of lymphatic ducts formed by the collecting duct?

A
  • Thoracic duct
  • Right lymphatic duct
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16
Q

The collecting duct unites to form one of two lymphatic ducts: _______ and _______.

A

[Thoracic duct], [Right lymphatic duct]

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17
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A

The thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian vein and carries lymph from the lower body, left upper body, and left side of head and neck.

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18
Q

What is the right lymphatic duct?

A

The right lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian vein and carries lymph from the right side of head and neck and right side of thorax.

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19
Q

What are primary lymph organs?

A

Sites where stem cells become immunocompetent and capable of creating an immune response.

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20
Q

What are the two locations of primary lymph organs?

A
  1. Red Bone Marrow (B cells come from here)
  2. Thymus (T cells come from bone marrow and mature here)
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21
Q

What are secondary lymph organs/tissues?

A

Sites where most immune responses occur and filter.

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22
Q

What are the locations of secondary lymph organs?

A
  1. Lymph Nodes (B and T cells live and carry out functions)
  2. Spleen
  3. Tonsils (Lymphoid Nodules)
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23
Q

What is the thymus?

A

One of two primary lymphoid organs

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24
Q

What is the primary function of the thymus?

A

Site of lymphocyte maturation

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25
Is the thymus involved in the actual function of fighting antigens or pathogens?
No
26
When does the thymus grow?
In childhood while the immune system is developing
27
What happens to the thymus during adolescence?
It atrophies
28
What is the cortex of the thymus composed of?
A large number of T cells ## Footnote The cortex is where immature T cells migrate from the red bone marrow to begin maturation.
29
Where do immature T cells migrate from?
Red bone marrow ## Footnote Immature T cells move to the thymus cortex for maturation.
30
What is the main function of the medulla in the thymus?
This is where mature lymphocytes enter the bloodstream ## Footnote The medulla contains more mature T cells compared to the cortex.
31
What type of cells are found in the medulla of the thymus?
More mature T cells ## Footnote The medulla has T cells that have completed their maturation process.
32
True or False: The cortex of the thymus is located in the middle.
False ## Footnote The cortex is located on the outside of the thymus.
33
Fill in the blank: The thymus cortex is where _______ T cells begin to mature.
immature
34
What are lymph nodes?
Principle lymphoid organs of the body.
35
How are lymph nodes arranged?
Arranged in clusters along lymphatic vessels.
36
Where are most lymph nodes located?
Most are deep in the body; inguinal, axillary, and cervical nodes are superficial and can be palpated.
37
What is the shape of lymph nodes?
Bean-shaped with an external fibrous capsule and trabeculae.
38
What are the two regions of a lymph node?
Cortex and Medulla.
39
What is found in the cortex of a lymph node?
Germinal centers, which act as security guards.
40
What does the medulla of a lymph node contain?
Cords that contain lymph cells leading to sinuses.
41
What do the sinuses in the medulla contain?
Contain macrophages.
42
What is contained in the outer cortex of lymph nodes?
Germinal Centers and B cells clumped together as lymph nodules ## Footnote B cells are responsible for tagging antigens and forming antibodies.
43
What role do nodular dendritic cells play in the outer cortex?
They present an antigen to the B cells ## Footnote This interaction causes B cells to proliferate against the antigen.
44
What is primarily found in the inner cortex of lymph nodes?
Mostly T cells ## Footnote T cells are often referred to as 'assassins' in the immune response.
45
What is the function of nodular dendritic cells in the inner cortex?
They present the antigen to the T cells, causing their proliferation.
46
What does the medulla of lymph nodes contain?
B cells, antibody producing plasmocytes, and macrophages ## Footnote Plasmocytes are B cells that have migrated out of the cortex.
47
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Filter lymph ## Footnote Macrophages destroy pathogens.
48
What role do lymph nodes play in the immune system?
They are the 'backbone of the immune system'. ## Footnote Lymphocytes are activated and attack antigens in the body.
49
What are afferent vessels in lymph flow?
Afferent vessels bring fluid to the lymph nodes.
50
What are the components of lymph nodes?
Lymph nodes consist of subcapsular and medullary sinuses.
51
What are efferent vessels in lymph flow?
Efferent vessels carry lymph away from the lymph nodes via the hilum.
52
Why are there fewer efferent vessels in lymph nodes?
Fewer efferent vessels allow lymph to be stagnant in the nodes, giving lymphocytes and macrophages time to destroy pathogens.
53
What is the largest lymphoid organ of the body?
The spleen.
54
What type of capsule does the spleen have?
A fibrous capsule.
55
What structures are present in the spleen similar to lymph nodes?
Trabeculae and cords and sinuses.
56
What is the function of red pulp in the spleen?
Deals with blood cells, including the removal of red blood cells by macrophages and storage of platelets. ## Footnote Blood formation occurs during fetal development. Located around veins
57
What is white pulp in the spleen?
Lymphoid tissue that deals with lymphocytes and carries out immune function. ## Footnote Located around the central arteries
58
What are tonsils?
The simplest lymphoid organ.
59
What is the function of tonsillar crypts?
They trap and destroy bacteria and pathogens.
60
How many palatine tonsils are there?
There are 2 palatine tonsils.
61
Where are the palatine tonsils located?
At the posterior end of the oral cavity.
62
How many lingual tonsils are there?
There are 2 lingual tonsils.
63
Where are the lingual tonsils located?
At the base of the tongue.
64
How many pharyngeal tonsils are there?
There is 1 pharyngeal tonsil, also known as adenoids.
65
Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?
In the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.
66
What does MALT stand for?
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue ## Footnote MALT includes lymph nodes scattered in the mucosa lining of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts.
67
Where are Peyer's Patches located?
They line the small intestine ## Footnote Peyer's Patches are lymphoid follicles that play a role in the immune response.
68
True or False: MALT is found exclusively in the digestive tract.
False ## Footnote MALT is found in the mucosa lining of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts.
69
Fill in the blank: Lymph nodes are scattered in the mucosa lining of the ______, ______, and ______ tracts.
respiratory, digestive, urinary ## Footnote These tracts contain Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT).
70
What are lymphoid follicles that line the small intestine called?
Peyer's Patches ## Footnote They are part of the body's immune system.
71
Define Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT).
Lymph nodes scattered in the mucosa lining of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts ## Footnote MALT plays a critical role in the immune response at mucosal surfaces.
72
What is immunity?
Resistance to disease. ## Footnote Immunity can be innate or acquired.

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