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Anatomy and Physiology > Lymphatic System and Immunity > Flashcards

Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

these are microorganisms that cause disease or damage to the tissues of the body

A

pathogens

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2
Q

what system is important for the protection of thebody

A

lymphatic system

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3
Q

what are the funtions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. maintenance of fluid balance
  2. lipid absorption
  3. defense
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4
Q

once fluid is inside the lymphatic capillaries, it is called ___-

A

lymph

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5
Q

the lymphatic system absorbs lipids and other substances from the digestive tract through lymphatic vessels called ___

A

lacteals

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6
Q

name the parts of the lymphatic system

A
  1. lymph
  2. lymphatic vessels
  3. lymph nodes
  4. tonsils
  5. spleen
  6. thymus
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7
Q

how many directions does the lymphatic system carry fluid?

A

one direction lang tih

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8
Q

what is that structure in the lymphatic system are tiny, close-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium?

A

lymphatic capillaries

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9
Q

true or false? mas permeable si lymphatic capillaries kaysa sa blood capillaries.

A

true.
mas permeable sha kay wala shay basement membrane

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10
Q

lymphatic capillaries join together to form larger ____ which resemble small veins

A

lymphatic vessels

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11
Q

what are the 3 factors that cause compression of the lymphatic vessels?

A
  1. contraction of skeletal muscles during activity
  2. periodic contractions of smooth muscles in lymphatic vessel walls
  3. pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
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12
Q

the lymphatic vessels from the right upper limb and the right half of the head, neck, and chest form the what?

A

right lymphatic duct

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13
Q

asa mag drain ang blood from the right lymphatic duct?

A

right subclavian vein

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14
Q

lymphatic vessels from the rest of the body drain into the???

A

thoracic duct

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15
Q

asa magdrain ang blood from the thoracic duct?

A

left subclavian vein

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16
Q

what are the lymphatic organs?

A
  1. lymph nodes
  2. tonsils
  3. spleen
  4. thymus
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17
Q

lymphatic tissues is characterized by housing many ____ and other defense cells such as _____-

A

lymphocytes, macrophages

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18
Q

asa naga originate si lymphocytes?

A

red bone marrow

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19
Q

what are the three major tonsils?

A
  1. palatine tonsils
  2. pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
  3. lingual tonsils
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20
Q

what do you call a pharyngeal tonsil that is enlarged?

A

adenoid/s

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21
Q

the removal of the palatine tonsils is called?

A

tonsilectomy

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22
Q

the removal of the pharyngeal tonsils is called the?

A

adenoidectomy

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23
Q

these are rounded structures, varying from size of a small seed to that of a shelled almond

A

lymph nodes

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24
Q

naay 3 superficial aggregations ang mga lymph nodes on each side of the body. asa mani sila makita?

A
  1. inguinal nodes in the groin
  2. axillary nodes in the axilla (armpit)
  3. cervical nodes in the neck
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25
what surrounds each lmyph nodes?
a dense connective tissue CAPSULE
26
mawni sya ang extensions of the capsule that subdivide a lymph node into compartments containing lymphatic tissue and lymphatic sinuses
trabeculae
27
the lymphatic tissue consists of lymphocytes that form dense aggregations of tissue called the what?
lymphatic nodules
28
these are spaces between the lymphatic tissue that contain macrophages on a network of fibers
lymphatic sinuses
29
the lymphatic nodules containing the rapidly dividing lymphocytes are called what?
germinal centers
30
it is roughly the size of a clenched fist and is located in the left, superior corner of the abdominal cavity.
spleen
31
what are the two specialized part of the lymphatic capsule?
white pulp red pulp
32
it is the lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries within the spleen
white pulp
33
it is the lymphatic tissue associated with the veins consisting of a fibrous network filled with macrophages, RBCs, and enlarged capillaries that connect to the veins
red pulp
34
unsay gina filter sa spleen?
blood
35
procedure for the removal of the spleen
splenectomy
36
it is a bi-lobed gland roughly triangular in shape
thymus
37
what do you call the area in the thymus near the capsule and trabeculae that is dark stained?
cortex
38
the lighter-stained area and central portion of the lobules in the thymus is called?
medulla
39
the thymus is the site for the maturation of a class of lymphocytes called?
T-cells
40
what do you call the lymph in the lacteals, that have high lipid content?
chyle
41
it is the ability to resisit damage from pathogens such as microorganisms
immunity
42
immunity is categorized into 2 systems, what are those 2 systems?
1. innate immunity (nonspecific immunity) 2. adaptive immunity (specific immunity)
43
what is the type of immunity in which the body recognizes and destroys certain pathogens but the response to them is THE SAME each time the body is exposed
Innate immunity
44
what is the type of immunity in which the body recognizes and destroys pathogens but the response to them IMPROVES each time the pathogen is encountered
adaptive immunity
45
what are the two subdivisions of the adaptive immunity?
1. antibody-mediated immunity 2. cell-mediated immunity
46
it is a type of adaptive immunity where it involves b-cells
antibody-mediated immunity
47
it is a type of adaptive immunity where it involes t-cells
cell-mediated immunity
48
it is a characteristic of adaptive immunity in which the body has the ability to recognize a particular substance
specificity
49
it is a characteristic of adaptive immunity in which the body has the ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance
memory
50
what are the mechanisms involed in innate immunity?
1. physical barriers 2. chemical mediators 3. white blood cells 4. inflammatory response
51
____ prevent pathogens and chemical from entering the body
physical barriers
52
two ways of physical barrier:
1. skin and mucous membranes 2. tears, saliva, urine, and other secretions
53
they are responsible for many aspects of innate immunity
chemical mediators
54
naa sa atong tears and saliva, they kill certain bacteria
lysozyme
55
other chemical mediators such as histamine, complements, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins promote inflammation by causing ____ and increasing vascular permeability
vasodilation
56
it is a group of more than 20 proteins found in blood plasma. has ability to lyse (rupture) bacterial cells
complements
57
proteins that protect the body against viral infections. does not protect cell but instead bind to surface of neighboring cells and stimulate them to produce antiviral proteins.
interferons
58
most important cellular components in immunity
white blood cells
59
the movement of white blood cells toward these chemicals is called?
chemotaxis
60
it is the ingestion and destruction of particles by cells called phagocytes
phagocytosis
61
small phagocytic wbc's, usually first to enter infected tissues from the blood in large numbers. increase inflammatory response by recruiting and activating other immune cells
neutrophils
62
accumulation of fluid, dead neutrophils, and other cells at site of infection
pus
63
these are monocytes that leave the blood, enter tissues, and enlarge about five-fold.
macrophages
64
monocytes and macrohpages form the ____ because they are phagocytes with a single unlobed nucleus
mononuclear phagocytic system
65
what are the two phagocytic cells?
neutrophils macrophage
66
what are the 3 cells of inflammation
basophils mast cells eosinophils
67
these are motile WBC's that can leave the blood and enter infected areas
basophils
68
nonmotile cells in connective tissue
mast cells
69
they participate in inflammation associated with allergies and asthma
eosinophils
70
these are a type of lymphocytes accounting up to 15% of lypmphocytes
NK (natural killer) cells
71
it is an inflammatory response confined to a specific area of the body.
local inflammation
72
it is an inflammatory response that is generally distributed throughout the body
systemic inflamamtion
73
are substances that stimulate adaptive immune responses
antigens
74
what are the two groups of antigens
1. foreign antigens 2. self-antigens
75
type of antigen introduced from outside thebody
foreign antigens
76
are molecules produced by the body cells to identify them as "self" or part of the body
self-antigens
77
this occurs when self-antigens stimulate unwanted destruction of normal tissue
autoimmune diseases
78
these are small groups of identical b cells or t cells
clone
79
what is this thing in the cell membrane of lymphocytes?
antibody receptors (t-cell receptors, b-cell receptors)
80
these are glycoproteins that have a binding site for antigens
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
81
these are proteins produced in response to an antigen, y-shaped consisting of four polypeptide chains
antibodies
82
antibodies are also called what?
Immunoglobulins
83
this type of immunoglobulin, activates complement and increases phagocytosis. can cross placenta and provide immune protection to the fetus (hemolytic disease of new born)
IgG
84
activates complement and act as an antigen-binding receptor on the surface of b cells
IgM
85
type of immunoglobulin secreted in saliva, tears, and mucous membrane to protect body surfaces\
IgA
86
binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response
IgE
87
acts as antigen binding receptor on B cells
IgD
88
four ways to acquire adaptive immunity
1. active natural 2. active artificial 3. passive natural 4. passive artificial
89
results when an individual is exposed to an antigen and the response of the individual's own immune system is the cause of immunity
Active immunity
90
occurs when another person or an animal develops immunity and the immunity is transferred to a non-immune individual
passive immunity
91

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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