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Physiology > Lymphatics > Flashcards

Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

____ is protection for the body from infection and disease.

A

Immunity

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2
Q

What are three functions of immunity?

A
  • clearance of microorganisms and foreign substances from tissues
  • filtration of lymph nodes
  • sites for antigen recognition
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3
Q

_____ is the transport of fats from the digestive tract to the circulatory system (lacteals).

A

Lipid absorption

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4
Q

____ is the absorption of excess of fluid and plasma proteins from the interstitial spaces for return into the bloodstream.

A

Maintenance of fluid balance

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5
Q

Interference with lymphatic drainage leads to ____.

A

edema

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6
Q

True or False? The lymph flow helps maintain the Pif in the negative range.

A

True

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7
Q

Interstitial fluid pressure in loose subcutaneous tissue is usually ______.

A

subatmospheric

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8
Q

Tissues surrounded by tight capsules have a ____ pif, but these Pif are still less than the pressures of their encasements. So the Pif is _____ with respect to the pressure that surrounds each tissue.

A

Positive, negative

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9
Q

What tissues are surrounded by tight capsules?

A
  • brain
  • kidney
  • muscles
  • eye
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10
Q

How do the lymphatics maintain fluid balance? Name 2 ways.

A
  • remove excess of interstitial fluid and return it to the systemic venous circulation
  • remove excess interstitial protein and return to the systemic venous circulation
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11
Q

True or False? Lymphatic return is essential and without it we would die within 24 hours.

A

True

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12
Q

What is the route of lymph flow?

A

lymphatic capillary –> lymphatic vessel –> lymph node –> more LVs and LNs –> 6 lymphatic trunks –> 2 collecting ducts –> subclavian veins

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13
Q

_____ is the clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma but much less protein.

A

Lymph

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14
Q

What are blind-ended, single layer of endothelial cells with incomplete basal lamina and incomplete layer of SMCs.

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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15
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are tethered to surrounding tissue by _____.

A

anchoring protein filaments

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16
Q

True or False? Endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries loosely overlap creating valve-like flaps.

A

True

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17
Q

What is the significance of the valve-like flaps in lymphatic capillaries?

A
  • they open when interstitial fluid pressure is high, allowing protein, bacteria and cells entrance to lymphatic capillary
  • prevent the backflow of fluid
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18
Q

____ are similar to small vascular veins but have larger lumen and thinner walls.

A

Lymphatic vessels and trunks

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19
Q

____ contain valves and the layer of smooth muscle cells become more and more continuous along the vessel.

A

Lymphatic vessels and trunks

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20
Q

The short right lymphatic duct empties where?

A

At the junction of the right internal jugular and subclavian veins.

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21
Q

The short right lymphatic duct collects lymph from ____.

A

The upper right quadrant of the body (R arm, R side of head and thorax)

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22
Q

The larger thoracic duct empties _____.

A

at the junction of the left internal jugular and the subclavian veis

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23
Q

The larger thoracic duct collects lymph from _____.

A

remainder of the body (L arm, L side of the head, neck and thorax, and below diaphragm)

24
Q

The thoracic duct drain ____ % of the lymph.

A

75 or 3/4

25
Q

____ is the dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow. It receives fatty chyle from the intestines (conduit of lipid products of digestion).

A

Cisterna chyli

26
Q

“Initial” lymph has the same composition as ____.

A

Interstitial fluid

27
Q

Lymph flows throughout the lymphatic system at ___ pressure and ____ speed.

A

low, low

28
Q

What is the rate of lymph flow?

A

120 ml/hr

29
Q

Lymphatic vessels are present throughout the body except in _____.

A

The central nervous system and a few other areas (retina, internal ear, epidermis, cartilage, and bone)

30
Q

The excess of the interstitial fluid flows into the _____ and then directly back into the blood or indirectly though lymphatics.

A

cerebrospinal fluid

31
Q

Tissue with no lymphatics have _____ through which interstitial fluid can flow until it reaches lymphatic vessels.

A

minute interstitial channels (prelymphatics)

32
Q

Each ____ is either directly or indirectly connected with lymphatic vessels. The extra fluid (edema) in these are called _____.

A

potential spaces, effusion fluid or ascitic fluid

33
Q

What are the 4 potential spaces?

A
  • pleural cavity
  • pericardial cavity
  • peritoneal cavity
  • synovial cavities
34
Q

____ is the action of the anchoring filaments and the valves in the lymphatic capillaries.

A

Lymphatic capillary pump

35
Q

____ is the rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle of the collecting lymphatic vessels.

A

Active lymphatic pump

36
Q

____ is caused by external intermittent compression of the lymphatics.

A

Passive lymphatic pump

37
Q

____ is caused by the interstitial fluid pressure.

A

effect of interstitial fluid pressure on lymph flow

38
Q

Any factor that increases _____ also increase lymph flow.

A

interstitial pressure

39
Q

_____ = increase in rate of lymph flow (only at negative pressures).

A

Increase in Pif

40
Q

What are the two components of interstitium and what do they do?

A
  • collagen: tensional strength

- proteoglycan filaments: they form a mat f reticular filaments (Brush pile)

41
Q

Most fluid in the interstitium is entrapped within the _____.

A

brush pile

42
Q

_____ limits fluid diffusion (molecule by molecule rather than many molecules together) preventing fluid accumulation and edema.

A

Brush pile

43
Q

If Pif becomes positive you get high accumulation of ____ in the tissues (edema).

A

Free fluid

44
Q

At negative Pif, the tissue has _______.

A

low compliance

45
Q

After the Pif rises above 0, the _____ of the tissue increases markedly.

A

compliance

46
Q

What are two advantages of negative pif?

A
  • prevention of edema

- means for holding body tissues together

47
Q

What are the three edema safety factors?

A
  • low compliance
  • ability of lymph flow to increase
  • washdown
48
Q

What 5 conditions promote intracellular edema?

A
  • hyponatremia (when plasma Na is reduced below normal
  • depression of tissue metabolism
  • lack of adequate nutrition to the cells
  • depression of the Na-K pump
  • inflammation
49
Q

What is a symptom of acute hyponatremia?

A

brain cell edema

50
Q

What a symptom of chronic mild hyponatremia?

A

demyelination

51
Q

What is a symptom of hypernatremia?

A

intense thirst and secretion of antidiuretic hormone

52
Q

Pitting edema means the edema fluid is _____.

A

mobile

53
Q

Non-pitting edema means the edema fluid is ___.

A

not mobile

54
Q

What are the two causes of pitting edema?

A
  • increased capillary pressure

- decreased plasma protein concentration

55
Q

What are the causes of non-pitting edema?

A

intracellular edema
increased capillary permeability
lymphatic obstruction

Physiology (15 decks)

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