Lymphatics and Immune System

Question 1

Where lymphocytes are produced

Answer 1

Bone Marrow

Question 2

Composition of Lymph

Answer 2

H2O, Electrolytes, 2-4% Protein

Question 3

Helper T Cells

Function

Answer 3

CD4

Activate B Cells

Question 4

What are antigen presenting cells?

Answer 4

Macrophages

Question 5

Cytotoxic T Cells

Function

Answer 5

CD8

Lyse invading cells

Question 6

What produces antibodies?

Answer 6

B-Lymphocytes

Memory Cells

Question 7

Where is there more heterochromatin in?

Answer 7

Naive B and T Cells

Question 8

What is an Epitope?

Answer 8

Molecule presented; binds to the receptors of T Cells

Question 9

Natural Killer Cells (2)

Function

Answer 9

CD16 and CD56

Basically kills anything

Question 10

Suppressor T Cells (4)

Created By?

Answer 10

CD4, CD8, CD25, and FOXP3

Hassal’s Corpuscle

Question 11

What activates Natural Killer Cells? (2)

Answer 11

Interferon and Antibodies

Question 12

Major Histocompatibility Complex (AkA?)

Answer 12

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

Question 13

What chromosome is the MHC found?

Answer 13

Chromosome 6

Question 14

[Class I MHC]

What genes?

Function?

Answer 14

Self-antigen Genes

A, B, and C Genes

Can recognize self cells

Cytotoxic T Cells can only lyse foreign cells expressing MHCI on their surface

Question 15

[Class II MHC]

What genes?

Function?

Answer 15

6 D Genes

T Cell Receptor

Question 16

Where are MHC I found?

Where are MHC II found?

Answer 16

Present in all nucleated cells of the body

Present only on immune cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes

Question 17

Differentiate Humoral and Cytotoxic Response

1. What mediates it?
2. What elicits the reaction?
3. What completes the job?

Answer 17

1. Humoral: Antibody-mediated
   Cytotoxic: Cell-mediated
2. Humoral: Bacteria and Foreign Cells
   Cytotoxic: Viruses, parasites, and protozoans
3. Humoral: Macrophages ingest antigen (MHC II)
   Cytotoxic: Killer T cells recognize foreign MHC I

Question 18

What are the key messengers for cytotoxic immune response?

Answer 18

IFN-Gamma

IL-12

Question 19

[Humoral Immune Response]

Steps

Answer 19

Macrophage Ingest Antigen
Secretion of IL-1 (Attracts T-Cells)
Binding with TCR-CD3
CD28 Activation

Question 20

Helper T-Cells produce what to help T-Cell proliferation?

Answer 20

IL-2

Question 21

[Cytotoxic Immune Respones]

Steps

Answer 21

Binding with TCR-CD8 Marker
Costimulation by CD80 or CD86 on APC via CD28 marker

Alternative: Stimulation from Type 1 Helper via IFN-Gamma and IL-12

Question 22

Memory responses require which signals to activate?

Answer 22

Signal 1 alone

Question 23

Difference in circulation among lymphocytes

Memory Cells
PMN and Naive Cells

Answer 23

Memory Cells: Circulate

PMN and Naive: Rolls

Question 24

Lymphocytes roll via?

Answer 24

L-selectin-PNAd Interaction

Question 25

Leukocytes stick to?

Answer 25

Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen (LFA-1)

Question 26

Differentiate Primary vs Secondary Lymphoid Organs 1. Sites of? 2. Location 3. Origin?

Answer 26

Primary: 1. Maturation/Differentiation 2. Thymus and Bone Marrow (Bursa of Fabricius in Avians) 3. Epithelial Origin Secondary: 1. Sites of Sensitization (After maturing) 2. Lymph nodes, white pulp of spleen, tonsils, loose CT, Peyer's Patches, Appendix 3. Mesenchymal Origin

Question 27

What is the primary lymphoid organ in mammals?

Answer 27

Thymus

Question 28

What is the fate of the Thymus?

Answer 28

Increase in weight until puberty, then it involutes and is infiltrated by adipose tissue

Question 29

Where do T-cells differentiate?

Answer 29

Thymus

Question 30

Where would you find only B cells? Where would you find only T Cells? Where could you find both?

Answer 30

Secondary Folicles Thymus Lymph Nodes

Question 31

What are the different types of thymic epithelial cells?

Answer 31

Type 1: Epithelial Framework Cells Types 2 and 3: Thymic Nurse Cells Types 4, 5, and 6: Epithelial Cells in Medulla

Question 32

Function of Type 2 and 3 Thymic Epithelial Cells

Answer 32

Thymic Nurse Cells | Kill lymphocytes that detect self antigens

Question 33

What could happen without the spleen?

Answer 33

Lowered immune response to blood-borne infections

Question 34

Spleen Parts

Answer 34

White Pulp and Red Pulp It has no cortex and medulla

Question 35

Main function of white pulp and red pulp?

Answer 35

White Pulp: Immune Function | Red Pulp: Blood Filtering

Question 36

Most abundant lymphoid organ?

Answer 36

Lymph Nodes

Question 37

Function of Hilum

Answer 37

Exit of efferent lymph and blood vessels

Question 38

What is the cause of swollen lymph nodes?

Answer 38

Germinal Center Swelling

Question 39

What are tonsils? Are they organs?

Answer 39

Areas of hypertrophied mucosa They are not organs

Question 40

Differentiate Lingual, Palatine, and Pharyngeal Tonsils 1. Location 2. Cell Type

Answer 40

1. Tongue; Lateral Walls of Oropharynx; Anteroposterior Walls of Pharynx 2. SSE; SSE; PCCE

Question 41

What are Peyer's Patches? Function?

Answer 41

Confluent Nodular Lymphoid Tissue They are found on the intestinal wall Antigen-presenting cell which activate helper T and B cells