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[OS 205] Thorax > Regulation of Blood Pressure and Cardiac Function > Flashcards

Regulation of Blood Pressure and Cardiac Function Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Responsible for Vascular Adjustments?

A

Change in tone of smooth muscle tissue

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2
Q

Vasodilators work on Arterioles, Veins, or Both?

A

Only on Arterioles

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3
Q

Sympathetic nerves release?

A

Norepinephrine

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4
Q

Receptors for Norepinephrine

A

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors

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5
Q

Effect of Norepinephrine on Vascular Smooth Muscle

A

Vasoconstriction

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6
Q

The Brain, Heart, and Skeletal Muscles blood flow closely follow what?

A

Metabolic Rate

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7
Q

Skin and Kidney blood flow is regulated by?

A

Sympathetic Nerves (Rather than metabolic rate as the others are)

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8
Q

Functions of Blood Flow (6)

A
  1. Delivery of Oxygen
  2. Delivery of Nutrients (Glucose)
  3. Removal of CO2
  4. Removal of H Ions
  5. Maintenance of Proper Concentration of other Ions
  6. Transport of Hormones
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9
Q

Local Blood Flow Regulation is regulated by? In organs, these are regulated by?

A
  1. Muscular arteries and large arterioles

2. In organs by metarterioles and endothelial cells of capillaries

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10
Q

Vasodilator Theory

A

Endothelial tissue produce a vasodilator substance in response to availability of O2 and Nutrients

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11
Q

Oxygen Lack Theory

A

Oxygen is required to allow muscle contraction, lack of this causes local arterioles and metarterioles to relax and dilate

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12
Q

Reactive Hyperemia

A

Transient increase in blood flow following a period of ischemia

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13
Q

Active Hyperemia

A

Increase in blood flow associated with increased metabolic activity (Such as in exercise)

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14
Q

Vasoconstrictor Agents (4)

A

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
Angiotensin II
Vasopressin
Endothelin

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15
Q

Vasodilator Agents (2)

A

Bradykinin

Histamine

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16
Q

Increase in Calcium (Constrict or Dilate)

A

Vasoconstriction

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17
Q

Increase in Potassium (Constrict or Dilate)

A

Vasodilation

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18
Q

Increase in Magnesium (Constrict or Dilate)

A

Powerful Vasodilation

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19
Q

Low pH (Constrict or Dilate)

A

Dilatation of Arterioles

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20
Q

Acetate and Citrate (Constrict or Dilate)

A

Mild Vasodilation

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21
Q

Increase in CO2 (Constrict or Dilate)

A

Moderate Dilation in other Parts (Especially in the Brain)

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22
Q

Which Vessels are Not INnervated by the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

Capillaries
Pre-capillary Sphincters
Metarterioles

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23
Q

Most Important Part for Regulation of Circulation

Why?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

Most blood vessels do not have parasympathetic innervations

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24
Q

What can pass the Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Glucose and CO2

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25
Heart is Innervated By?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves
26
Parasympathetic Nerves (Vagi) effect on the Heart?
Lowers BPM
27
If Heart is De-Innervated, Will it Beat Faster or Slower?
It will beat faster, unlike abrupt termination of response to vagal activity; effects of sympathetic stimulation will only slow gradually after stimulation is stopped
28
Location of Vasomotor Center
Medulla and Upper Pons
29
Vasomotor Center Transmits What Impulses 1. Vagus Nerve 2. Spinal Cord
1. Parasympathetic | 2. Sympathetic
30
Vasovagal Reflex
Compression of Carotid Arteries slows down HR
31
Chemoreceptors Location
Carotid and Aortic Bodies
32
Chemoreceptors Sensitive To? (3)
1. O2 Lack 2. CO2 Excess 3. H+ Excess
33
Volume Reflex
Stretch in Atria causes Diuretic Effect Increase in GFR -> Increased Urine Output -> Decrease in BP
34
Bainbridge Reflex
Increase in HR in response to atrial stretch Prevents damming of blood to the veins
35
Chemoreceptor Reflex
Decreases flow in artery as result of hypoxic conditions
36
CNS Ischemic Response (a.k.a.?)
Cushing Reflex Intense vasoconstrictor stimulation
37
When is the Cushing Reflex stimulated? When is it maximal?
BP < 60mmHg BP < 15-20mmHg
38
Abdominal Compression Reflex Effect
Stimulation of the baroreceptor/chemoreceptor reflex causes stimulation o the skeletal muscles, especially in the abdomen Pushes blood back to the heart
39
Renal Function Curve What happens when too much ECF?
Arterial pressure rises causing the kidney to excrete more urine
40
Infinite Feedback Gain
Water and salt output must equal intake
41
Chronic Hypertension: What happens to 1. Peripheral Resistance 2. Cardiac Output 3. Fluid Volume Levels
Increased peripheral resistance Cardiac output eventually returns to normal Return to normal fluid volume over time
42
Angiotensin II Functions (3)
1. Vasoconstriction 2. Decreased secretion of salt and water 3. Raises BP halfway to normal after sudden Hypotension
43
How long for Angiotensin II to be fully active?
20 Minutes
44
Angiotension II Pathway resulting from Decreased Arterial Pressure
Decreased Pressure -> Renin -> Angiotensinogen -> Angiotensin -> Angiotensin II -> Vasoconstriction + Renal Retention of Salt and Water -> Increased Arterial Pressure
45
Factors Causing Hypereffectivity
1. Nervous Excitation | 2. Hypertrophy
46
Hypoeffective Heart
Increased venous return with no accompanying increase in cardiac output
47
Factors Causing Hypoeffectivity (6)
1. Inhibition of Nervous Excitation 2. Abnormal Rhythm or Rat eof Heart 3. Valvular Disease 4. Congenital Heart Disease 5. Myocarditis 6. Cardiac Anoxia
48
Beri-Beri
Lack of thiamine diminishes cell's ability to use nutrients Cells send signal to heart to beat faster to deliver more nutrients
49
Arteriovenous Fistula
Abnormal connection between major artery and vein Diminishes peripheral resistance (Bypasses microcirculation)
50
Hyperthyroidism
Increased BMR
51
Anemia
Diminished oxygen delivery and viscosity (Hypoviscosity)
52
Pathologically High Cardiac Outputs (4)
1. Beri-beri 2. Arteriovenous Fistula 3. Hyperthyroidism 4. Anemia
53
Pathologically Low Cardiac Output (2)
1. Decreased Pumping Effectiveness of heart | 2. Decreased Venous Return
54
Normal External Pressure
-4 mmHg
55
Cardiac Tamponade
Accumulation of fluid in the pericardium around the heart
56
Goldblatt Hypertension
Results from compression/obstruction of renal arteries or its branches
57
Integrated System that Acts Within Seconds
1. Baroreceptors 2. Chemoreceptors 3. CNS Ischemic REsponse
58
Integrated System That Acts Within Minutes
1. Renin-Angiotensin System 2. Stress Relaxation of Vasculature 3. Capillary Fluid Shift Mechanism
59
Cardiac Output
Amount of blood pumped into aorta each minute by the heart
60
Venous Return
Quantity of blood flowing from veins into right atrium each minute
61
Cardiac Output should equal?
Venous Return Improving cardiac output must be accompanied with improved venous return
62
Normal CO for Men, For Women?
5.6 liters/min; 10-20% less for women
63
Primary Controller of Cardiac Output
Various factors of Peripheral Circulation that Affect Venous Return
64
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
Increased blood flow into heart stretches out cardiac chambers Additional stretch causes muscle fibers to contract with increased force Heart pumps out all the additional blood
65
Factors Affecting Venous Return (3)
1. Right Atrial Pressure 2. Mean Systemic Filling Pressure 3. Resistance to Blood Flow
66
Effect of Increased RA Pressure on Venous Return
Lowers Venous Return
67
When does Venous Return Decrease to 0?
When the RA Pressure reaches 7mmHg (Mean Systemic Filling Pressure)
68
Greater Mean Systemic Filling Pressure effect on Venous Return Curve
Shifts Upward and Right
69
Greater Difference Between RA and Mean Systemic Filling Pressure
Greater Venous Return
70
Compensation for Acute Failure By Sympathetic Reflexes
Pumps more vigorously | Increased tone of vasculature, Increased RA pressure
71
Chronic Stages of Failure
Renal Retention of Fluids and Increase in Blood Volume
72
Fluid Retention in Heart Failure
Fall in cardiac output causes fall in urine output
73
Treatment of Decompensation (3)
1. Strengthening of Heart (Digitalis, Inotropes) 2. Administering Diuretics 3. Reducing Water and Salt Intake
74
Decompensated Heart Failure
Low CO prevents kidney from excreting necessary daily amounts of fluid and salt, leading to edema
75
Cardiogenic Shock
Heart is too damaged, unable to pump enough blood to keep body alive

[OS 205] Thorax (10 decks)

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