Lymphatics Ch. 21 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
functions of the lymphatic system
A
Transport and house lymphocytes and other
immune cells.
* Return excess fluid in body tissues to blood to
maintain blood volume
2
Q
What are the components of the lymphatic system
A
Lymph vessels, lymphoid tissues and organs, lymph fluid
3
Q
Some interstitial fluid leaves blood capillaries and is not reabsorbed by them.
T/F?
A
T
4
Q
Interstitial fluid that moves into lymphatic capillaries is known as what?
A
Lymph
5
Q
What is lymph composed of?
A
Water, dissolved solutes, and small amounts of protein.
Sometimes contains cell debris, pathogens, or cancer cells
6
Q
What are the small closed-ended vessels that absorb interstitial fluid?
A
Lymphatic capillaries
7
Q
Where are lymphatic capillaries absent?
A
Avascular tissues, red marrow, spleen and CNS
8
Q
Lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger than blood capillaries with no basement membrane. T/F?
A
T
9
Q
Walls of lymphatic capillaries are made of ________
A
Overlapping endothelial cells
10
Q
What is the purpose of anchoring filaments?
A
Hold endothelial cells to nearby structures
11
Q
What are lacteals?
A
Lymphatic capillaries in GI tract.
12
Q
Where are lacteals
A
GI tract
13
Q
What is the purpose of lacteals
A
Absorb lipid soluble substances from GI tract
14
Q
What pushes lymph into capillary?
A
Hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid
15
Q
What is the movement of lymph through vessels of larger and larger size?
A
Lymphatic capillaries ->
Lymphatic vessels. ->
Lymphatic trunks ->
Lymphatic ducts
16
Q
Where is fluid ultimately returned to?
A
Blood circulation
17
Q
Wandering cancerous cells establish what?
A
Secondary tumors
18
Q
Tumor development in other locations in the body is known as what?
A
Metastasis
19
Q
What is the reason for metastasis?
A
Cancerous cells break free from primary tumor
20
Q
Lymphatic vessels are fed by what?
A
Lymphatic capillaries
21
Q
Lymphatic vessels are located _________ to arteries and veins.
A
adjacent
22
Q
Lymphatic vessels have which vessel tunics?
A
All 3. Intima, media, externa
23
Q
Lymphatic vessels have ________ to prevent pooling and backflow of lymph.
A
Valves
24
Q
Lymphatic system lacks a ______.
A
pump
25
Lymphatic system moves lymph using:
-Skeletal muscles/respiratory pumps
-pulsatile movement of blood in nearby arteries
-Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in larger lymph vessel walls.
26
Some vessels connect to _____ _____ for lymph filtration.
Lymph nodes
27
Lymphatic trunks are fed by lymphatic ________.
vessels.
28
_______ trunks drain lymph from head and neck.
Jugular.
29
________ trunks drain upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thoracic wall.
subclavian
30
___________ trunks drain deep thoracic structures
bronchomediastinal trunk
31
____________ trunks drain most abdominal structures.
Intestinal trunks
32
__________ trunks drain lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic organs.
Lumbar trunk
33
Lymphatic ducts are fed by lymphatic _________.
Trunks
34
Lymphatic ducts are the _____ lymphatic vessel.
largest
35
Lymphatic ducts bring lymph to _____ ______ circulation
venous blood
36
What are the two lymphatic ducts?
Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
37
Right lymphatic duct is near right ________.
clavicle
38
The right lymphatic duct drains what?
Upper right quadrant of body
-right side of head/neck
-right upper limb
-right side of thorax
39
Where does the right lymphatic duct deliver lymph?
To junction of right subclavian and right internal jugular veins
40
Thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel and has saclike _____ _____ at its base.
Cisterna chyli
41
What receives lipid-rich chyle from GI tract?
Cisterna Chyli in the thoracic duct.
42
Lymphedema is
Accumulation of interstitial fluid due to interference with lymphatic drainage
43
Lymphedema is most common in some __________ infections
parasitic
44
Primary lymphoid structures are involved in _________ and __________ of lymphocytes.
Formation and maturation
45
Secondary lymphoid structures do not form lymphocytes but ______ them and other immune cells
House
46
Secondary lymphoid structures house
lymphocytes and other immune cells
47
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymphatic nodules, MALT are examples of ________ ________ structures
secondary lymphoid structures.
48
Which is the sites for immune response initiation?
Primary Lymphoid Structures or Secondary?
Secondary lymphoid structures
49
What is located between trabeculae of spongy bone in flat bones of skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, ossa coxae, heads of humerus and femur.
Red bone marrow
50
Red bone marrow is the site of ____________ or the production of blood's formed elements.
Hematopoiesis
51
Formed elements within the bone marrow include
T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes
52
T-lymphocytes migrate from the bone marrow to the ______ to complete maturation
Thymus
53
the _________ is involved in T-lymphocyte maturation and is located in the mediastinum.
thymus
54
The thymus is _______ in children than adults.
Larger
55
The thymus grows until puberty, then regresses; gradually replaced by _______ tissue.
adipose
56
The thymus consists of two ______ ______, each surrounded by connective tissue capsule.
Thymic lobes
57
____________ of capsules subdivide lobes into lobules.
Trabeculae
58
Each lobule has outer ______ and inner ________ regions.
Cortex and Medulla
59
The outer ________ contains immature T-lymphocytes.
Cortex
60
The ______ contains mature T-lymphocytes
Medulla
61
Secondary lymphoid structures are organized into _________ and aggregates of ________ _______.
Lymphoid organs and aggregates of lymphoid nodules
62
Lymphoid organs have a complete capsule of dense irregular ______ tissue.
connective
63
Example of two organs with a complete capsule
Spleen and lymph nodes
64
Which lymphoid structures have an incomplete capsule or lack one?
Tonsils, MALT, diffuse lymphoid nodules
65
What is the purpose of lymph nodes?
Filter lymph, remove unwanted substances
66
Lymph nodes are located along which pathways of lymph vessels?
deep and superficial
67
__________ lymph nodes receive lymph from head and neck.
Cervical
68
__________ lymph nodes receive lymph from breast, axilla, and upper limb
Axillary
69
__________ lymph nodes in groin receive lymph from lower limb and pelvis.
Inguinal
70
Lymph node components include:
-afferent lymphatic vessels
-hilum
-trabeculae
-cortex
-medulla
71
Which vessel drains a lymph node
Efferent
72
Which vessel brings lymph to the node?
Afferent
73
Where is the efferent vessel located?
at hilum
74
The cortex of a lymph node contains __________ _________.
Lymphoid nodules.
75
The medulla of a lymph node contains ______ ______.
Medullary cords
76
Reticular fibers in the cortex support a ______ center.
germinal
77
Cortical _______ are tiny open channels lined by macrophages.
Cortical sinuses
78
Medullary _______ are tiny open channels lined with macrophages.
sinuses
79
Lymph enters through several afferent vessels, and exits through one single ______ vessel.
efferent
80
___________ remove foreign debris from lymph
macrophages
81
___________ may initiate immune response and proliferate especially in germinal centers. They can also cause enlarged nodes that can be palpated in neck and axilla.
Lymphocytes
82
What is the malignant neoplasm from lymphoid structures?
lymphoma
83
Which lymphoma is common in young adults and people over 60?
Hodgkin lymphoma
84
Which lymphoma is more common, with some being slow growing and others more aggressive?
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
85
What is the largest lymphoid organ?
Spleen
86
What is the indentation where blood vessels and nerves enter the spleen?
Hilum
87
What supplies blood to the spleen?
Splenic artery
88
What drains blood from the spleen?
Splenic vein
89
What are the two tissues of the spleen?
White pulp and red pulp
90
Which pulp of the spleen contains clusters of T- and B- lymphocytes and macrophages around the central artery?
White pulp
91
Which pulp of the spleen is the storage site for erythrocytes and platelets.
Contains erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages and B- lymphocytes
Red Pulp
92
What are the cells and reticular connective tissue in the red pulp?
Splenic cords
93
What are the very permeable capillaries within the red pulp of the spleen?
Splenic sinusoids
94
The spleen filters and monitors ________.
blood
95
White pulp of the spleen monitors for _______ and ______.
foreign materials and bacteria
96
What is the path of flow in the spleen?
splenic artery
central artery
sinusoids
venules
splenic vein
97
___________ in sinusoids of red pulp phagocytize bacteria, debris, defective erythrocytes and platelets.
macrophages
98
In the first five months of fetal life, spleen makes blood cells. This can be reactivated under certain conditions, this is called _________ hematopoiesis.
Extramedullary
99
surgical removal of the spleen is known as
splenectomy
100
What are common reasons for splenectomy?
Ruptured from abdominal injury
infection,cyst, or tumor
lymphoma or other cancers
blood disorders
101
which tonsil is located in the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal
102
When pharyngeal tonsils are enlarged, they are called _________.
Adenoids
103
Which tonsils are located in the posterolateral oral cavity?
Palatine
104
Which tonsils are located along the posterior one third of the tongue?
Lingual
105
Tonsils are _______ lymphoid structures.
secondary
106
What are responsible for immune surveillance of inhaled and ingested substances?
Tonsils
107
Invaginations that trap material and contain lymphoid nodules are known as:
Tonsillar crypts
108
Inflammation and infection of tonsils is known as
acute tonsilitis
109
Which tonsils are most commonly affected by acute tonsilitis?
Palatine
110
Fever, chills, sore throat and difficulty swallowing are symptoms of
acute tonsilitis
111
Persistent reccurent infections that may require a tonsillectomy, is known as :
Chronic tonsilitis
112
MALT stands for _________-________ ________ tissue.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
113
Where is MALT located?
GI, respiratory, genital and urinary tracts
114
MALT are prominent in small intestines, especially the ______.
ileum
115
________ patches are large collections of lymphoid nodules within the wall of the GI tract.
