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Microanatomy 2 > Lymphoid System > Flashcards

Lymphoid System Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

The Immune system

A

Provides protection for the body against invading pathogens
- initial protection of body provided by epithelium that covers all surfaces
- Immune system takes over protection once epithelial barrier is breached

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2
Q

Types of immune system

A

Innate( natural) immune system
Adaptive (acquired) immune system

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3
Q

Innate(natural) immune system

A

nonspecific, performed by complements, macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells

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4
Q

Adaptive (acquired) immune system

A

Reacts against specific antigenic component, performed by lymphoid system

Two types: Humoral immunity
Cellular (cell mediated) immunity

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5
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Specialized form of connective tissue that involved in adaptive immune defense of body

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6
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Principal functional cell
Mature and immature forms
( lymphoblasts, medium and small lymphocytes)

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7
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Antigen stimulates production of an antibody ) from B-lymphocytes: plasma cell) which neutralizes antigen

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8
Q

Cellular (cell mediated) Immunity

A

Cell(t-lymphocytes) directly attacks foreign cell or altered host cell through binding to the specific antigen or “epitope”

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9
Q

Types of Lymphocytes

A

B lymphocyte
T lymphocyte
Null cell
Indistinguishable when viewed under the light microscope

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10
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

Surface antibodies (IgD & IgE) act as receptors
Effector cell
- Plasma cell –> production of antibodies
Memory cell
- Programmed to react to specific antigen

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11
Q

Antigen

A

Molecule(s) that is (are) foreign to the body

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12
Q

Antibody (immunoglobulin)

A

Protein secrete to neutralize an antigen
Key component of a humoral immune response to an antigen

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13
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Surface receptors bind with antigens
Effector cell
- Destroy foreign cells and altered cells by enzymes and cytokines
Memory cell
- Programmed to react to specific antigen

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14
Q

Null Cells

A

Small portion of lymphocytes
NK cells (natural killer cells)
- Destroy foreign, viral, altered, or cancer cells without help of t lymphocytes or passage through thymus

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15
Q

Stem Cells

A

Cell of origin for cells of blood

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16
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Antigen presenting cell

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17
Q

Other cell types

A

Macrophages
Granulocytes

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18
Q

Reticular Connective tissue

A

Framework of lymphoid tissue
Reticular cells

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19
Q

Reticular Cells

A

A “fibroblast”with specialized function to produce and maintain reticular connective tissue

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20
Q

Arrangements of lymphoid tissue

A

Diffuse lymphoid tissue (T-cell zone)
Dense solitary lymph nodules (B-cell zone)

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21
Q

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

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A

Non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue located in the mucosa
Examples: Gut and bronchus associated ( GALT and BALT)

22
Q

Lymphoid organs

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A

Highly organized lymphoid tissue Capsule with trabeculae or septa (connective tissue)

Have both diffused lymphoid tissue and nodules (except in thymus)

23
Q

Primary Lymphoid organs

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A

Sites where lymphocytes produced &/ or become immunocompetent
Organs include bone marrow and thymus

24
Q

Secondary Lymphoid organs

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A

Site where “immunocompetent” lymphocytes contact antigens and proliferate
Organs include lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, Hemal Nodes

25
Lymph Node
Secondary Lymphoid organ Is palpable Function: Regional filtration of tissue fluid (lymph) - Antigen recognition - Antibody production - Lymphopoiesis
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Tissue Fluid of Lymph node
Fluid component of blood that leaves circulatory system to enter extracellular matrix of connective tissue - Leaves extracellular matrix & re enters blood capillaries & venues
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Lymph
Is excess tissue fluid. Enters lymphatic capillaries for returned to the general circulatory system
28
Lymph Channels (pathway for tissue fluid through lymph node)
Afferent lymphatic vessels Intranodal channels - Subcapsular sinus - Intermediate sinus - Medullary sinus Efferent lymphatic vessel
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Stroma
Capsule - Dense irregular connective tissue Trabeculae - Internal struts Reticular Connective Tissue - Form intranodal sinuses - Stellate reticular cells and squamous cells
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Parenchyma: Lymph node
Cortex - Outer layer housing lymphoid nodules; B-lymphocytes Parecortex - Area between cortex and medulla, housing T-lymphocytes "thymus-dependent zone" Medulla - Center area composed of medullary cords and sinuses
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Primary nodule
Resting stage congregation of B lymphocytes
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Naive B-lymphocytes
Immunocompetent but never interacted with an antigen Coming from bone marrow, enter node from high endothelial venules (HEVs) of paracortical (thymic dependent) region
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Memory B lymphocytes
May enter through HEVs or afferent lymphatic vessels
34
Secondary Nodule
Site of proliferation(mitosis) of B-lymphocytes following antigen binding Forms a germinal center by activated lymphocytes Outlined with corona Germinal center is formed in a pre-existing primary nodule - primary nodule activation to form germinal center, then become secondary nodule
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Germinal Center
Activated B-lymphocytes come to primary nodule & proliferate Lymphoblast formed, and further divided to plasma cells and memory cells Follicular dendritic cell assists with proliferation of lymphocyte, and present antigen to lymphocyte
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Corona (mantle)
Dense accumulation of lymphocytes surrounding germinal center Composed of: - Displaced naive & memory B-lymphocytes & T-lymphocytes from original primary nodule - transient newly formed memory B-lymphocytes & plasma cell
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Paracortex
- “Thymus dependent zone” - Diffuse lymphoid tissue - Localization of T-lymphocytes & interdigitating dendritic cells (antigen presenting cells) - Site of proliferation of T-lymphocytes - “high endothelial venules” vascular sites where lymphocytes leave the vascular beds and enter lymph node
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Medulla
Medullary cord Lymph Sinuses
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Medullary Cord
Diffuse lymphoid tissue * Congregation of plasmacells, lymphocytes & macrophages
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Lymph Sinuses
Open channels formed by reticular tissue, filled with lymphocytes and lymph fluid
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Blood circulation in Lymph Nodes
- Nodal artery enters node at hilus – Branches traverse medulla in trabeculae – Branches leave trabeculae to enter paracortex & cortex – Capillary bed formed in cortex – Capillaries merge to form High Endothelial Venules – Venules drains into larger veins, which exit at the hilus
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High Endothelial Venules
Located in PARACORTEX Endothelial cells are cuboidal in shape Receptors for recognition by lymphocytes (traveling in blood) Lymphocytes leave blood & enter the paracortex and nodules
43
Peyer's Patch
Secondary lymphoid organ Most abundant in wall of ileum Aggregated Lymphoid Nodules Diffuse lymphoid tissue between & around nodules Lymphoid nodules located in submucosa Diffuse lymphoid tissue extends into lamina propria Classified as component of “Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue” (GALT) no capsule only efferent lymphatic vessels
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Peyer's Patch: Aggregated lymphoid nodules
*Primary nodules *Secondary nodules *Germinal center *Corona
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Peyer's Patch: diffused lymphoid tissue
*Between & around nodules *“High endothelial venules” Site where B-lymphocytes & Tlymphocytes leave circulating blood & enter Peyer’s patch
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Peyer's Patch: B-lymphocytes
Proliferate in germinal center of secondary nodules
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Peyer's Patch: T-lymphocytes
localized in satellite region adjacent to proximal portion of nodules
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Peyer's Patch: M- cells (microfold cells)
*Specialized cells in simple columnar epithelium that lines luminal surface of ileum ABOVE PEYER’S PATCH *Apical surface of M cell contacts lumen of ileum *Sample (capture) antigens in lumen of ileum *Antigen presenting cells embedded in basal surface of M cell
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Tonsil
*Incompletely encapsulated *Multiple sites around nasal and oral body openings *Secondary lymphoid organ *Intercept antigens entering body orifices
50
Tonsil : Stroma
Capsule

Microanatomy 2 (6 decks)

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