Lymphoid System Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Lymphocyte represents _____% of circulating WBC’s
A
20-40%
2
Q
Lymphocyte arise from
A
HSC- Hematopoietic stem cell
3
Q
Where lymphocyte are further DIFFERENTIATED and where the MATURATION of t cells and b cells occurs
A
Primary lymphoid organs
4
Q
Where PROLIFERATION and DIFFERENTIATION of t cells and b cells occurs
A
Secondary lymphoid organs
5
Q
T cells differentiation takes place within
A
Thymus
6
Q
B cells differentiated within
A
Bone marrow
7
Q
__________ complex and is regulated by
different cell surface adhesion molecules and by chemical messengers _______
A
Lymphocyte circulation
Cytokines
8
Q
3 major population of Lymphocyte
A
T cells: 61-80%
B cells: 20%
Natural Killer cells: 10-15%
9
Q
All lymphocytes originate from pluripotential
hematopoietic stem cells.
A
Bone marrow
10
Q
Develop and identify characteristics of T cells; An organ which is small, flat, bilobed organ
found in the thorax
A
Thymus
11
Q
Mature T lymphocyte are released from
A
MEDULLA
12
Q
THYMUS
___g at birth; 35g at puberty
A
30g
13
Q
BONE MARROW
1,300-______g at adult stage
A
1,300 to 1,500g
14
Q
SUFACE ANTIGEN are acquired as the lymphocytes travel from the cortex to the medulla over a period
A
2 to 3 weeks
15
Q
Secondary lymphoid organs
A
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
/tonsils
/appendix
/peyer’s patches
Cutaneous Associated Lymphoid Tissue
16
Q
main contact with foreign antigens takes place
A
Antigen tracking sites
17
Q
Each lymphocyte spends most of its life span
in______, entering the circulation only
periodically to go from one secondary organ to
another _____
A
Solid tissue
Two times per day
18
Q
Largest secondary lymphoid organ; discriminating filter
A
Spleen
19
Q
SPLEEN
12cm length _____g at adult stage
A
150g
20
Q
Splenic tissue subdivided into 2 main types
A
RED PULP
WHITE PULP
21
Q
with >1/2 total volume, function to destroy old RBC
A
Red pulp
22
Q
with 20% total weight contains lymph tissue
A
White pulp
23
Q
Particular arterioles found in White pulp are what we so called the_____ contains mainly ____
A
PALS : Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath
t-cells
24
Q
attached to PALS are
A
Primary Follicles with B cells (not stimulated by antigen)
25
Surrounding the PALS is ____ containing ____
Marginal zone
Dendritic cells
26
Trap antigen and considered as Antigen Presenting Cell
Dendritic cells
27
Each day an adult blood volume passes
through the spleen approximately______,
where________ and _______ can constantly survey for infectious agents or other foreign matters.
4 times
Lymphocytes & Macrophages
28
It allows contact between lymphocytes and foreign antigens from the tissue to take place.
Lymph nodes
29
Located along lymphatic ducts
and serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues
Lymph nodes
30
lymph fluid flows slowly through spaces
called ______, which are lined with macrophages, creating an ideal location for ______ to take place.
Sinuses
Phagocytosis
31
Lymp nodes enlarged due to infection
Lymphadenopathy
32
Regions of lymph nodes
Cortex
Paracortex
Medulla
33
Contains macrophages and
aggregations of B cells in primary
follicles, follicular dendritic cells,
secondary follicles (germinal center),
plasma cells, and memory cells.
Cortex
34
T cells stays
Paracortex
35
Where t cells, b cells, plasma cells released once matured
Medulla
36
the fluids and lymphocytes will ENTER via particular
fluids and lymphocytes will EXIT
Afferent Lymphatic Vessel
Efferent Lymphatic Vessel
37
MALT found in
Respiratory tract= Tonsils
GI tract= Appendix & Peyer’s patches
Urogenital tract
38
Where macrophages and lymphocytes are; localized at some of the main port of entry for foreign microorganism
MALT
39
It is considered as the largest organs in
the body and the epidermis
CALT
40
CALT
Epidermis contains a number of ____
Intraepidermal lymphocytes
41
Cells associated with mechanisms of intraepidermal lymphocytes: they are uniquely positioned to combat any antigens that enter through the skin.
T cells
monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
42
Reponsible for HUMORAL IMMUNITY/ ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
B-cells
43
produced sensitized lymphocytes that secretes cytokines
T cells : CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
44
can be used to distinguish the
developmental stages of each cell; Proteins that appear on cell surfaces can be used as markers to differentiate T cells and B cells
Surface marker or CD
45
reference for standardizing names of membrane proteins found on all human white blood cell (WBC).
Cluster of Differentiation
46
Antigen essential for T cell and B cell antigen stimulated activation
CD45R
47
Surface markers on B cells
CD19, CD21, CD23
48
Surface markers for T cells
CD 2, 3, 4, 8
49
Surface markers for NK cells
CD 16, 56, 94
50
B cell differentiation
6points
Pro B cells
Pre B cells
Immature B cells
Mature B cells
Activated B cells
Plasma cells
51
T cell Differentiation
(4 points)
Double Negative Stage
Double Positive Stage
Mature T cells
T regulatory cells
52
First step is the rearrangement of genes that code for the heavy and light chains of an antibody molecule.
Pro B cell
53
Surface molecule of Pro B cell
CD45R
CD 43
CD 19
CD 24
c-Kit
54
tyrosine specific phosphate that is involved in signaling during the b cell activation
CD45R
55
end result of Pro B cell is a ________ programmed to produce a unique antibody molecule, which consists of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains.
B lymphocyte
56
Heavy chains are coded on
Light chains are coded on
Chromosome 14
Chromosome 2 & 22
57
Intracellular proteins found at this stage:
TDT
RAG 1 and RAG 2
58
Pro B Cell
– helps to join the pieces back together by
incorporating additional nucleotides in the
joining area.
Deoxyribonucleotide transferase
59
Pro B cell
– DNA at certain possible recombination site.
Recombination activating genes 1 and 2/RAG 1 RAG 2
60
The first heavy chains synthesized are the μ
chains, which belong to the class of
immunoglobulins called IgM.
Pre B cells
61
Pre-B cells may also express μ chains on the cell surface, accompanied by an unusual light chain molecule called
Surrogate light chain
62
The combination of the two heavy chains with
the surrogate light chains plus two very short
chains, Ig-α/Ig-β form
Pre B cell receptor
63
adheres to the bone marrow, stromal cell membrane and transmit a signal to prevent rearrangement of any other heavy chain genes.
Pre B cell receptor
64
Rearrangement of genetic sequence coding for light chains on either chromosome 2 or 22.
Immature B cells
65
Is mainly distinguished by the appearance
of COMPLETE IgM as molecules on the cell
surface.
Immature B cells
66
Stage where Mu chains and u chains no longer detectable
Immature B cells
67
Immature B cells
surface proteins are
CD21
CD40
MHC class II molecules
68
Immature B cells leave the bone marrow and
proceed to seed the _____
Spleen & other secondary lymph nodes organs
69
is also responsible for the
breakdown product of the complement
component C3D.
CD21
70
CD21 is also a receptor for_______ intended for infectious mononucleosis.
EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
71
act as coreceptor that helps to
regulates further b cell development and
activation.
CD19
72
it is an adjuvant for the humoral
immune response. It is mainly involved
with the production of antibodies.
C3D
73
Enhancement of reaction
Adjuvant
74
MATURE B CELLS
In the spleen, immature B cells develop into mature cells known as
marginal zone of B cells
75
In addition to IgM – all mature b cells
exhibit IgD
Mature B cells
76
Mature B cells
If B cell is stimulated by antigen, it undergoes
transformation to a ______, which eventually forms memory cells and antibody secreting plasma cells.
Blast stage
77
exhibit identifying markers that
include CD25, which is found on both activated T and B cells and acts as a receptor for
(IL-2) growth factor produced by T cells.
Activated B cells
78
Activated B cells
surface marker
CD25 receptor for Interleukin 2
79
presence of abundant cytoplasmic
immunoglobulin and little to no surface
immunoglobulin.
Plasma cells
80
most fully differentiated lymphocyte, and its main function is antibody production.
Plasma cells
81
are nondividing, and after several days of antibody production, they die without further proliferation.
Plasma cells
82
cluster of differentiation stay at the
surface area (3 points)
CD19
CD24
CD45R
83
Within the lobules of the thymus are two
main zones:
Outer cortex
Inner medulla
84
significant selection process occurs as
maturation takes place, because it is estimated
that approximately 97 percent of the cortical
cells die intrathymically before becoming
mature T cells.
T lymphocyte
85
Thymic stromal cells include:
4 points
epithelial cells
macrophages
fibroblasts
dendritic cells
86
Rearrangement of the genes that code for the
antigen receptor known as TCR (T-CELL
RECEPTOR COMPLEX) begins at this stage.
Actively proliferates in the outer cortex
under the influence of interleukins-7.
DOUBLE NEGATIVE STAGE
87
Beta chain rearrangement
T cell differentiation: Double Negative Stage
88
Alpha chain rearrangement; expression of CD4+ and CD8+
Double Positive STAGE
89
DOUBLE NEGATIVE STAGE
complex that serves as the main part of
the T-cell antigen receptor
CD3
90
CD3 consist of 4 types of chain:
(that takes part in signaling to
the interior of the cell when antigen binding occurs)
EPSILON
GAMMA
DELTA
ZETA
91
Selection process
When the CD3-αβ receptor complex (TCR)
is expressed on the cell surface
Positive Selection
92
Positive Selection
T cells must recognize foreign antigen in
association with class ___ or class__ MHC
molecules
1 or 2 MHC molecules
93
Takes place among the surviving double-
positive T cells. Exhibit one type of marker either CD4 or CD8
Negative Selection
94
Negative Selection:
Exhibit one type of marker either CD4 or CD8
and migrate to _____
Medulla
95
Strong reactions with self-peptides send a
signal to delete the developing T cell by
means of apoptosis, or programmed cell
death
Negative Selection
96
Most important type of T cells
Mature T cells
97
Mature T cells
_______ recognize antigen along with MHC
class II protein. (2/3 of population)
CD4+ T cells
98
Mature T cells
T helper cells T subsets
Th-1
Th-2
99
mainly associated with the tumor necrosis factor beta (TNFb).
Th-1
100
essential for the helping of b cells to produce
antibody against EXTRACELLULAR pathogen;
They produce wide variety of interleukins including interleukins __, __, __, __.
Th-2
IL 4, 5, 10, 13
101
______ t cells interact with antigen and MHC class I proteins.
(1/3 population)
CD8+
102
Third major subclass CD4+ T-Cell population; plays an important role in suppressing immune response to self-antigens.
T Regulatory Cells
103
They also produce interleukin-10 and
transforming growth factor b which switch off the immune response; Prevent autoimmune
responses.
T regulatory cells
