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Anatomy > Lymphoid System and Immunity > Flashcards

Lymphoid System and Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q 
The lymphoid system is composed of 
a. lymphatic vessels
b.  lymph nodes
c. the spleen
d. A and B only
E. all of the above
A

E. All of the Above

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2
Q

A foreign invader that may cause disease is called a(n)

a. pathogen
b. antigen
c. antibody
d. virus
e. bacteria

A

A. Pathogen

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3
Q

The primary function of the lymphoid system is

a. circulation of nutrients
b. transport of hormones
c. production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes
d. production, maintenance, and distribution of plasma proteins
e. all of the above

A

C. production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes

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4
Q

The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the

a. thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
b. lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct
c. intestinal duct and left intercostal duct
d. bronchomediastinal duct and subclavian duct
e. none of the above

A

A. thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

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5
Q

Flow through lymph vessels resembles flow through

a. elatic arteries
b. arterioles
c. the vena cava
d. veins
e. muscular arteries

A

D. veins

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6
Q

Lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of draining into the

a. right lymphatic duct
b. subclavian veins
c. inferior vena cava
d. superior vena cava
e. dural sinus

A

B. subclavian veins

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7
Q

The formation of lymph would increase if there were a(n)

a. increase in blood osmotic pressure
b. increase in tissue osmotic pressure
c. decrease in the volume of tissue fluid
d. decrease in protein in the tissue fluid
e. all of the above

A

B. increase in tissue osmotic pressure

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8
Q

Lymph nodes

a. product antibodies from specialized T cells
b. monitor the contents of lymph by removing debris and pathogens
c. act as a “check station” for cancer cells
d. B and C only
e. all of the above

A

D. B and C only

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9
Q

In general, lymphocytes

a. spend little time in the blood
b. have a relatively long life span
c. are not evenly distributed int he lymphoid tissues
d. B and C only
e. all of the above

A

E. all of the above

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10
Q

The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels enter and exit is called the

a. sinus
b. medulla
c. hilum
d. nodule
e. capsule

A

C. hilum

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11
Q

______ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx

a. tonsils
b. Peyer’s patches
c. lymph nodes
d. complements
e. spleens

A

A. Tonsils

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12
Q

The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the

a. Peyer’s patches
b. scalp and face
c. arm and mammary glands
d. thoracic viscera
e. abdominal viscera

A

C. arm and mammary glands

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13
Q

The white pulp of the spleen contains large numbers of

a. red blood cells
b. macrophages
c. eosinophils
d. basophils
e. antibodies

A

B. macrophages

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14
Q

Lymphoid organs are different from lymphoid tissues in that lymphoid organs

a. contain lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues do not
b. are found in the digestive tract and lymphoid tissues are found in the thorax
c. are separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not
d. A and C only
e. all of the above

A

C. are separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not

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15
Q

The spleen

a. is the largest lymphoid organ
b. contains nodules similar to other lymphoid nodules
c. contains lymphocytes
d. is located in the left upper quadrant
e. all of the above

A

E. all of the above

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16
Q

The red pulp of the spleen is a storage site for

a. lymphocytes
b. neutrophils
c. red blood cells
d. platelets
e. fibrous connective tissue

A

C. red blood cells

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17
Q

Stem cells that will form T cells are modified in the

a. bone marrow
b. liver
c. spleen
d. thymus
e. kidneys

A

D. thymus

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18
Q

Lymph differs from plasma in that

a. lymph contains more protein that plasma
b. lymph contains white blood cells, whereas plasma does not
c. plasma contains more protein than lymph
d. lymph contains electrolytes, and plasma does not
e. none of the above, lymph and plasma are the same

A

C. plasma contains more protein than lymph

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19
Q

Lymphatic vessels that exit the lymph node are called

a. lacteals
b. afferent lymphatic vessels
c. efferent lymphatic vessels
d. lymphatic trunks
e. lymphatic ducts

A

C. efferent lymphatic vessels

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20
Q

Lymph reenters the venous system at the

a. right and left subclavian veins
b. lymph nodes
c. thoracic duct
d. intestinal tract
e. vena cava

A

A. right and left subclavian veins

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21
Q

Lymph nodules are composed of loose connective tissue containing densely packed

a. Peyer’s patches
b. basophils
c. spleens
d. neutrophils
e. lymphocytes

A

E. lymphocytes

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22
Q

A bacterial infection in the foot would most likely affect lymph nodes in which of the following regions?

a. avillary
b. cervical
c. mammary
d. inguinal
e. brachial

A

D. inguinal

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23
Q

The role of the spleen is slightly different than other lymph organ because it also

a. produces antibodies
b. produces memory cells
c. filters blood
d. filters lymph
e. contains lymphocytes

A

C. filters blood

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24
Q

The thymus gland is positioned

a. posterior to the thyroid gland
b. just behind the sternum
c. inferior to the heart
d. posterior to the trachea
e. in the inguinal region

A

B. just behind the sternum

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25
Major events associated with inflammation include a. redness, swelling, heat, and pain b. redness, pus, fever, and rapid heart rate c. tears, swelling, pain, and fever d. selling, redness, tissue damage, and altered pH e. heat, pain, fever, and activation of the complement system
A. redness, swelling, heat and pain
26
The body's nonspecific defenses include a. skin b. complement c. interferon d. inflammation e. all of the above
E. all of the above
27
Special lymphocytes that are part of the nonspecific defenses are called a. memory T cells b. memory B cells c. NK cells d. plasma cells e. monocytes
C. NK cells
28
Interferons may be described as a. products of activated lymphocytes and macrophages b. antiviral substances c. an example of cytokines d. coordinators of local defense activities e. all of the above
E. all of the above
29
The most active phagocytic cells found in circulating blood are a. neutrophils and monocytes b. eosinophils and basophils c. lymphocytes and monocytes d. neutrophils and basophils e. none of the above
a. neutrophils and monocytes
30
Virus-infected cells release a. complement b. immunity c. interferon d. immunological surveillance e. fever
C. interferon
31
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens is a. T cells b. B cells c. NK vells d. phagocytes e. plasma cells
D. phagocytes
32
Which of the following contains visible granules in its cytoplasm a. microglia b. monocytes c. neutrophils d. lymphocytes e. all of the above
C. neutrophils
33
The least numerous leukocytes are a. lymphocytes b. monocytes c. neutrophils d. basophils e. eosinophils
D. basophils
34
Which of the following is the LAST step in inflammation? a. red blood cells release pus-forming agents b. T cells release interferon c. mast cells release histamine, serotonin, and heparin d. phagocytosis e. blood flow to an area increases
D. phagocytosis
35
The cells primarily responsible for immunity are a. lymphocytes and macrophages b. neutrophils and macrophages c. monocytes and macrophages d. eosinophils and lymphocytes e. basopils and monocytes
A. lymphocytes and macrophages
36
Which of the following is a specific body defense? a. hair b. epithelium c. secretions d. immunity e. basement membranes
D. immunity
37
Immunity that results from antibodies ingested from breastmilk is which type of immunity? a. active natural b. passive natural c. innate d. active artificial e. autoimmunity
B. passive natural
38
In active artificial immunity, a. the immune system attacks normal body cells b. the body makes a memory of the attack c. the body receives antibodies produced by another person d. the body receives antibodies produced by another animal e. genes for antibodies are introduced into the body
b. the body makes a memory of the attack
39
Which of the following secretes antibodies? a. NK cells b. plasma cells c. helper T cells d. cytotoxic T cells e. suppressor T cells
B. plasma cells
40
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the a. NK cells b. B cells c. helper T cells d. cytotoxic T cells e. suppressor T cells
B. B cells
41
The cells that are actively involved in immunological surveillance are the a. NK cells b. plasma cells c. B cells d. helper T cells e. suppressor T cells
A. NK cells
42
Newborn infants gain most of their immunity from a. early immunizations b. contact with viruses and bacteria c. antibodies passed from the mother across the placenta d. contact with siblings e. innate factors
c. antibodies passed from the mother across the placenta
43
``` Humoral immunity is the responsibility of the a. cytotoxic T cells b. helper T cells c. suppressor T cells D. B cells E. plasma cells ```
D. B cells
44
In an experimental situation, a virus is injected into a rabbit and the rabbit is allowed to make antibodies for the viral antigen. These antibodies are then removed from the rabbit plasma and injected into a human to help deal with the same viral disease. This would be an example of a. innate immunity b. active immunization c. passive immunization d. natural immunity e. autoimmunity
B. active immunization
45
Blocking the antigen receptors on the surface of lymphocytes would interfere with a. phagocytosis of the antigen b. that lymphocyte's ability to produce antibodies c. antigen recognition d. the ability of the lymphocyte to present antigen e. agglutination of the antigen
c. antigen recognition
46
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) A) is responsible for forming lymphocytes. B) produces antibodies in lymph glands. C) is a group of genes that codes for human leukocyte antigens. D) is a membrane protein that can recognize foreign antigens. E) is the antigen found on bacteria that stimulates an immune response.
D) is a membrane protein that can recognize foreign antigens.
47
``` Cytotoxic T cells destroy their target cells by releasing substances that alter A) protein production. B) ribosomes. C) DNA. D) cell membranes. E) all of the above ```
D) cell membranes.
48
``` Cells that help to regulate the immune response are A) B cells. B) plasma cells. C) helper T cells. D) cytotoxic cells. E) NK cells. ```
C) helper T cells.
49
``` T cells are responsible for A) programming macrophages. B) humoral immunity. C) producing antibodies. D) cellular immunity. E) autoimmunity. ```
D) cellular immunity.
50
) In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must A) be phagocytized by the lymphocyte. B) enter the cytoplasm of the lymphocyte. C) bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte. D) bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte membrane. E) depolarize the lymphocyte membrane.
D) bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte membrane.
51
Immunoglobulins that are the largest class and are mainly responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
D) IgG.
52
``` Immunoglobulins that attach to mast cells and basophils and are involved in allergic reactions are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM ```
C) IgE.
53
``` The immunoglobulins that can cross the placenta are the A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM ```
D) IgG.
54
``` Immunoglobulins that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM. ```
E) IgM.
55
``` ) Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM ```
A) IgA.
56
``` The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in A) neutralization of the antigen. B) agglutination or precipitation. C) complement activation. D) destruction of the antigen. E) all of the above ```
E. All of the above
57
``` cells are primarily activated by the activities of A) antigens. B) antibodies. C) helper T cells. D) macrophages. E) plasma cells. ```
C) helper T cells.
58
``` Antibodies cause which of the following reactions? A) agglutination B) precipitation C) neutralization D) opsonization E) all of the above ```
E) all of the above
59
``` The largest class of antibodies, with several subtypes, is A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM ```
D) IgG.
60
``` This immunoglobulin is responsible for defense against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins. A) IgA B) IgD C) IgE D) IgG E) IgM ```
D) IgG
61
``` This immunoglobulin functions to attack bacteria insensitive to IgG. A) IgA B) IgD C) IgE D) IgF E) IgM ```
E) IgM
62
``` The function of this immunoglobulin is to attack pathogens before they enter body tissues. A) IgA B) IgD C) IgE D) IgF E) IgM ```
A) IgA
63
The chemical mediators responsible for killing tumor cells, stimulating T cell activity, and inhibiting parasites and viruses are termed A) interleukins. B) interferons. C) tumor necrosis factors. D) phagocytic regulators. E) colony-stimulating factors.
C) tumor necrosis factors.
64
``` This class of chemical mediators stimulates the production of both microphages and monocytes. A) Il-1 B) Il-2 C) MIF D) M-CSF E) GM-CSF ```
E) GM-CSF
65
``` Unnecessary immune responses to haptens are A) immunodeficiency diseases. B) characteristics of AIDS. C) allergies. D) characteristics of HIV infection. E) common in the elderly. ```
C) allergies.
66
``` The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects A) B cells. B) plasma cells. C) cytotoxic T cells. D) helper T cells. E) suppressor T cells. ```
D) helper T cells.
67
Infection with the HIV virus occurs through A) eating contaminated food. B) airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes. C) intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids. D) casual contact with an infected individual. E) all of the above
C) intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.
68
``` Which of the following is an autoimmune disease? A) Graves' disease B) rheumatoid arthritis C) pernicious anemia D) Type 1 diabetes mellitus E) all of the above ```
E) all of the above
69
``` ) One of the most common cancers seen in AIDS patients is A) small-cell carcinoma. B) Kaposi's sarcoma. C) malignant neoplasm. D) lung cancer. E) bone cancer. ```
B) Kaposi's sarcoma.
70
Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include A) T cells becoming less responsive to antigens. B) more cytotoxic T cells responding to infections. C) increased numbers of T helper cells. D) higher levels of antibodies after initial exposure to antigens. E) all of the above
A) T cells becoming less responsive to antigens.
71
With advancing age, the immune system A) becomes more effective at combating disease. B) remains the same and is not affected by the aging process. C) has alternating periods of efficacy. D) becomes less effective at combating disease. E) becomes more responsive to antigens.
D) becomes less effective at combating disease.
72
The increased incidence of cancer in the elderly reflects the fact that A) immune surveillance increases. B) tumor cells are eliminated effectively. C) their diets do not meet nutritional standards. D) everyone is prone to disease. E) immune surveillance declines with age
E) immune surveillance declines with age
73
Lymph is _________________________ that has entered a lymphatic capillary.
tissue fluid
74
_________________________ is the condition caused by an accumulation of tissue fluid in the interstitial spaces.
Edema
75
_________________________ are masses of lymphoid tissue located in the pharynx.
Tonsils
76
_________________________ are phagocytic cells that are permanent residents of specific tissues and organs.
Fixed macrophages
77
The ability of certain phagocytes to move through the wall of a capillary is called _________________________.
diapedesis
78
The ability of certain cells to respond to changes in their chemical environment is called _________________________.
chemotaxis
79
) Any compound that can stimulate the body to produce antibodies is called a(n) _________________________.
antigen
80
Foreign substances that trigger an immune response are called _________________________.
antigens
81
When a population of lymphocytes are made to attack the same antigen, they are said to be _________________________.
clones
82
_________________________ cells enable the immune system to respond more quickly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.
Memory
83
_________________________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.
Tolerance
84
_________________________ attracts monocytes and activates them to macrophages.
Monocyte-chemotactic factor (MCF)
85
_________________________ are antibodies found in body fluids.
Immunoglobulins
86
The portions of an antigen that are recognized by an antibody are the _________________________.
antigenic–determinant sites
87
When an antibody binds to its proper antigen, a(n) _________________________ is formed.
antigen–antibody complex
88
_________________________ is the ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen.
Immunological competence
89
_________________________ disorders develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells.
Autoimmune
90
Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called _________________________.
allergens

Anatomy (3 decks)

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