Urinary System Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
The urinary system
A) regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes.
B) regulates blood volume by removing RBCs from circulation.
C) contributes to stabilizing blood pH.
D) A and C only
E) all of the above
A
D. A and C only
2
Q
Organs of the urinary system that are involved with urine transport are the A) urethra and ureters. B) kidneys and bladder. C) ureters and kidneys. D) urethra and bladder. E) kidneys and urethra
A
A) urethra and ureters.
3
Q
Using anatomical terminology, identify the correct order of words that make this a true statement: The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ kidney extends \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ slightly more than the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ kidney. A) right; superiorly; left B) right; inferiorly; left C) left; superiorly; right D) left; inferiorly; right E) right; anteriorly; left
A
C) left; superiorly; right
4
Q
Urine is stored by the A) liver. B) urinary bladder. C) kidney. D) ureter. E) urethra
A
B) urinary bladder
5
Q
Which of the following is correct about the location of the kidney?
A) There is one kidney deep to the liver.
B) The kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal.
C) The left kidney is lower than the right.
D) The kidneys are in the anterior abdominal wall.
E) all of the above
A
B) The kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal.
6
Q
Which of the following carries urine from the kidney to the bladder? A) small intestine B) prostate C) liver D) ureter E) urethra
A
D) ureter
7
Q
The kidneys are
A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal.
B) surrounded by a renal capsule.
C) protected by the lower ribs of the rib cage.
D) A and B only
E) all of the above
A
D) A and B only
8
Q
A pyelogram, an X-ray of the urinary system in which radio-opaque dye is injected into the urinary pathways, can be used to detect
A) kidney stones.
B) structural abnormalities of the kidney.
C) obstruction of the ureters.
D) tumors or growths in the urinary bladder.
E) all of the above
A
E) all of the above
9
Q
A renal corpuscle includes the A) glomerulus and glomerular capsule. B) glomerulus and renal tubule. C) glomerular capsule and renal tubule. D) renal tubule and collecting tubule. E) pyramid and glomerulus
A
A) glomerulus and glomerular capsule.
10
Q
The renal pyramid is
A) the innermost layer of kidney tissue.
B) a conical-shaped structure that is located in the renal medulla.
C) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus.
D) a large branch of the renal pelvis.
E) a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle.
A
B) a conical-shaped structure that is located in the renal medulla.
11
Q
The innermost layer of kidney tissue is the A) renal cortex. B) renal medulla. C) major calyx. D) minor calyx. E) renal pelvis
A
B) renal medulla.
12
Q
Cortical tissue located between renal pyramids is called A) medulla. B) renal columns. C) renal pelvises. D) nephrons. E) calyces
A
B) renal columns.
13
Q
Renal columns are
A) internal cavities of the fibrous capsule located in the area of the hilus.
B) the expanded ends of the ureters.
C) the basic functional units of the kidney.
D) located adjacent to interlobar vessels.
E) conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla.
A
D) located adjacent to interlobar vessels.
14
Q
Major calyces are
A) large branches of the renal pelvis.
B) expanded ends of nephrons.
C) basic functional layers of the kidney.
D) conical-shaped structures that are located in the renal medulla.
E) the expanded ends of renal pyramids
A
A) large branches of the renal pelvis.
15
Q
The glomerular capsule and glomerulus make up the A) renal pyramid. B) loop of Henle. C) renal corpuscle. D) renal tubule system. E) collecting system
A
C) renal corpuscle
16
Q
The expanded end of a nephron is the A) glomerulus. B) glomerular capsule. C) proximal convoluted tubule. D) distal convoluted tubule. E) loop of Henle.
A
B) glomerular capsule
17
Q
A DCT is
A) the expanded end of a nephron.
B) a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle.
C) the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle.
D) the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
E) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron
A
D) the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
18
Q
The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the A) proximal convoluted tubule. B) loop of Henle. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) collecting duct. E) minor calyx.
A
C) distal convoluted tubule.
19
Q
The portion of the nephron between the glomerular capsule and the nephron loop is the A) proximal convoluted tubule. B) renal corpuscle. C) distal convoluted tubule. D) collecting duct. E) minor caly
A
A) proximal convoluted tubule.
20
Q
The visceral epithelium of the glomerular capsule is the A) capillary endothelium. B) lamina densa. C) podocytes. D) basement membrane of the capillaries. E) capsular space.
A
C) podocytes
21
Q
The renal tubule contains cells adapted for absorption by having A) cilia. B) microvilli. C) villi. D) flagella. E) all of the above
A
B) microvilli
22
Q
The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney:
- afferent arteriole
- arcuate artery
- interlobar artery
- renal artery
- glomerulus
- interlobular artery
- efferent arteriole
- peritubular capillary
The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8. B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8. C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8. D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8 E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8.
A
B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.
23
Q
Which of the following are too large to be filtered? A) amino acids. B) glucose. C) lipids. D) proteins. E) none of the above
A
D) proteins
24
Q
The countercurrent mechanism functions in the A) nephron. B) renal corpuscle. C) glomerulus. D) loop of Henle. E) filtration unit.
A
D) loop of Henle.
25
```
Reabsorption of glucose occurs mostly in the
A) renal sinus.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) nephron loop.
E) renal corpuscle.
```
B) proximal convoluted tubule
26
```
Most hydrogen ions are secreted into the
A) glomerular capsule.
B) PCT.
C) loop of Henle.
D) DCT.
E) collecting duct.
```
B) PCT.
27
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
A) filtration.
B) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
C) secretion of acids and ammonia.
D) secretion of drugs.
E) adjustment of urine volume.
B) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
28
```
The ability to form a concentrated urine depends on the regulation of the
A) proximal convoluted tubule.
B) collecting duct.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) loop of Henle.
E) Bowman's capsule.
```
B) collecting duct.
29
The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule normally reabsorb
A) approximately 60 percent of the volume of the filtrate produced in the renal corpuscle.
B) virtually all of the glucose and other nutrients under normal conditions.
C) cations such as sodium, calcium, and magnesium.
D) anions such as bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, and phosphate.
E) all of the above
E) all of the above
30
```
General characteristics of normal urine include
A) specific gravity.
B) bacteria.
C) pH.
D) A and B only
E) A and C only
```
E) A and C only
31
Which of the following is the lesser amount?
A) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the loop of Henle
B) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the descending limb of the nephron loop
B) the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the descending limb of the nephron loop
32
```
ADH promotes water reabsorption mainly through the wall of the
A) loop of Henle.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) minor calyx.
```
D) collecting duct.
33
Which of the following is aldosterone able to affect?
A) regulation of body fluid concentration
B) regulation of body fluid volume
C) removal of wastes
D) pH regulation
E) formation of plasma proteins
A) regulation of body fluid concentration
34
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases,
A) more urine is produced.
B) less urine is produced.
C) less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct.
D) the specific gravity of the urine decreases.
E) more salt is secreted by the nephron.
B) less urine is produced.
35
In response to decreased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys could produce
A) a larger volume of urine.
B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.
C) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.
D) urine with a lower specific gravity.
E) urine with less urea.
B) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.
36
The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by
A) vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole.
B) vasodilation of the afferent arteriole.
C) vasoconstriction of the peritubular capillaries.
D) vasodilation of the efferent arteriole
B) vasodilation of the afferent arteriole.
37
The hormone ADH
A) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity.
B) stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions.
C) stimulates water conservation at the kidneys.
D) causes the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine.
E) all of the above
C) stimulates water conservation at the kidneys.
38
```
The amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by
A) ADH.
B) aldosterone.
C) parathormone.
D) atrial natriuretic peptide.
E) cortisol
```
E) cortisol
39
If the afferent arteriole becomes constricted,
A) blood flow into the efferent arteriole will increase.
B) GFR will decrease.
C) GFR will increase.
D) hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus will increase.
E) the protein concentration in the filtrate will increase
B) GFR will decrease.
40
Factors that increase the secretion of ADH include
A) increased concentration of sodium ions in the ECF.
B) water deprivation.
C) increased osmolarity of the ECF.
D) decreased renal blood flow.
E) all of the above
E) all of the above
41
If, through injury, the blood flow to the kidneys decreases, which of the following will occur?
A) The renin-angiotensin system will be activated.
B) Sodium reabsorption will be inhibited.
C) There will be systemic vasodilation.
D) Obligatory water reabsorption will decrease.
E) The amount of ADH in the blood will decrease
A) The renin-angiotensin system will be activated.
42
Management of renal failure involves restriction of water and salt intake and reducing caloric intake to a minimum; dietary proteins are also limited. This combination lessens the strain on the urinary system by
A) minimizing volume of urine produced.
B) altering the pigments produced.
C) preventing the generation of large quantities of nitrogenous waste products.
D) A and C only
E) all of the above
D) A and C only
43
```
The micturition reflex center is located in the
A) hypothalamus.
B) medulla oblongata.
C) pons.
D) lumbar spinal cord.
E) sacral spinal cord
```
E) sacral spinal cord
44
```
Which of the following is the most distal part of the male urethra?
A) prostatic urethra
B) membranous urethra
C) penile urethra
D) glandular urethra
E) glans urethra
```
C) penile urethra
45
```
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by
A) stratified squamous epithelium.
B) pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
C) simple cuboidal epithelium.
D) transitional epithelium.
E) simple columnar epithelium.
```
D) transitional epithelium.
46
Which of the following is greater?
A) the length of the urethra in males
B) the length of the urethra in females
A) the length of the urethra in males
47
```
The term incontinence refers to the
A) inability to void (expel) urine.
B) inability to control urination.
C) inability to control kidney function.
D) process of urinating.
E) process of urine production.
```
B) inability to control urination.
48
The detrusor muscle
A) moves urine through the ureters.
B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter.
D) functions as the external urinary sphincter.
E) is located in the renal pelvis.
B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
49
```
The intracellular fluid (ICF) is found in
A) blood vessels.
B) lymph.
C) the cells of the body.
D) the interstitial spaces.
E) the cerebrospinal fluid
```
C) the cells of the body.
50
```
Which of the following is considered transcellular fluid?
A) interstitial fluid
B) plasma
C) cerebrospinal fluid
D) intercellular fluid
E) lymph
```
C) cerebrospinal fluid
51
```
Movement of water between compartments is by
A) diffusion.
B) osmosis.
C) active transport.
D) pinocytosis.
E) facilitated diffusion
```
B) osmosis.
52
```
Which compartment is the largest?
A) lymph
B) plasma
C) interstitial fluid
D) transcellular fluid
E) cerebrospinal fluid
```
C) interstitial fluid
53
```
The most abundant cation in the ECF is
A) chloride.
B) potassium.
C) sodium.
D) bicarbonate.
```
C) sodium.
54
```
The principal cation in the ICF is
A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) magnesium.
E) chloride.
```
B) potassium
55
When water is lost but electrolytes are retained,
A) the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
C) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
D) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
E) all of the above
B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
56
Hypoproteinemia could lead to
A) a drastic increase in the osmolarity of the blood.
B) a temporary increase in blood volume.
C) decreased thirst.
D) hypotension.
E) activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
B) a temporary increase in blood volume.
57
```
Intracellular fluid contains high concentrations of
A) chloride and potassium.
B) potassium and phosphate.
C) sodium and phosphate.
D) potassium and sulfate.
E) magnesium and bicarbonate
```
B) potassium and phosphate.
58
When the level of sodium ions in the ECF increases,
A) osmoreceptors swell.
B) a person experiences an increased thirst.
C) less ADH is released.
D) there is an increase in the level of aldosterone.
E) there is an decrease in the level of atrial natriuretic peptide.
B) a person experiences an increased thirst.
59
When the amount of sodium ions in the ECF increases,
A) osmoreceptors are stimulated.
B) there is decreased thirst.
C) ADH secretion decreases.
D) aldosterone secretion increases.
E) there is an increase in the volume of urine produced.
A) osmoreceptors are stimulated.
60
Calcium homeostasis primarily reflects
A) a balance between absorption in the gut and excretion at the kidneys.
B) careful regulation of blood calcium levels by the kidneys.
C) an interplay between parathormone and aldosterone.
D) an interplay between reserves in the bone, the rate of absorption, and the rate of excretion.
E) hormonal control of calcium reserves in the bones.
D) an interplay between reserves in the bone, the rate of absorption, and the rate of excretion.
61
```
The thirst center is located in the
A) thalamus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) midbrain.
D) pons.
E) medulla oblongata.
```
B) hypothalamus.
62
```
Dehydration would cause
A) fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF.
B) decreased secretion of ADH.
C) increased thirst.
D) decreased levels of aldosterone.
E) all of the above
```
C) increased thirst.
63
If excessive amounts of water are taken into the body,
A) the release of ADH increases.
B) osmoreceptors in the brain begin to swell.
C) more water is reabsorbed from the renal tubule.
D) the collecting duct becomes more permeable to water.
E) none of the above
B) osmoreceptors in the brain begin to swell.
64
```
The primary stimulus in the blood for the secretion of aldosterone is
A) rising potassium levels.
B) falling potassium levels.
C) rising sodium levels.
D) falling sodium levels.
E) none of the above
```
D) falling sodium levels
65
```
Ions normally found in urine and plasma include which of the following?
A) chloride
B) bicarbonate
C) potassium
D) sodium
E) all of the above
```
E) all of the above
66
```
Dan has been lost in the desert for two days with very little water. As a result of this exposure, one would expect to observe
A) elevated ADH levels.
B) decreased blood concentration.
C) normal urine production.
D) increased blood volume.
E) cells enlarged with fluid.
```
A) elevated ADH levels.
67
```
The most important factor affecting the pH of body fluids is the concentration of
A) lactic acid.
B) ketone bodies.
C) organic acids.
D) carbon dioxide.
E) hydrochloric acid.
```
D) carbon dioxide
68
The most abundant intracellular mechanism for regulating pH is
A) protein buffers.
B) the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.
C) the phosphate buffer system.
D) changes in the rate and depth of breathing.
E) all of the above
A) protein buffers.
69
```
Hypoventilation would cause
A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) none of the above
```
A) respiratory acidosis
70
```
In response to respiratory alkalosis,
A) the respiratory rate increases.
B) the tidal volume increases.
C) the kidneys conserve bicarbonate.
D) the kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions.
E) the body retains more carbon dioxide.
```
E) the body retains more carbon dioxide.
71
```
A person who suffers from emphysema can exhibit signs of
A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) none of the above
```
A) respiratory acidosis.
72
```
A person who suffers from chronic diabetes can exhibit signs of
A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) none of the above
```
C) metabolic acidosis.
73
```
A person who chronically consumes large amounts of antacids to settle an upset stomach may risk
A) respiratory acidosis.
B) respiratory alkalosis.
C) metabolic acidosis.
D) metabolic alkalosis.
E) none of the above
```
D) metabolic alkalosis.
74
```
Which of the following is an example of a physiologic buffer?
A) bicarbonate ions
B) phosphate ions
C) proteins
D) renal mechanisms
E) none of the above
```
D) renal mechanisms
75
Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by
A) converting weak acids to strong acids.
B) converting strong acids to weak acids.
C) causing breathing rate to increase.
D) excreting hydrogen ions in the urine.
E) a decrease in the net glomerular filtration pressure.
B) converting strong acids to weak acids.
76
```
Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate to relieve indigestion may lead to
A) metabolic acidosis.
B) metabolic alkalosis.
C) respiratory acidosis.
D) respiratory alkalosis
```
B) metabolic alkalosis.
77
```
Match the region of the nephron in the first column with its primary function in the second column.
_____ 1. renal corpuscle
_____ 2. distal convoluted tubule
_____ 3. papillary duct
_____ 4. collecting duct
_____ 5. proximal convoluted
```
A. conduction of urine to minor calyx
B. reabsorption of ions, vitamins, water,
and organics
C. reabsorption of sodium ions and secretion
of acids
D. reabsorption of water and sodium ions
E. filtration of plasma to initiate urine formation
tubule
1-E, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D, 5-B
78
```
Match the acid-base disorder in the first column with its characteristic treatment in the second column.
_____ 1. metabolic acidosis
_____ 2. metabolic alkalosis
_____ 3. respiratory acidosis
_____ 4. respiratory alkalosis
```
A. improve ventilation
B. administer bicarbonate
C. reduce respiratory rate, allow rise in PCO2
D. no treatment below pH 7.55; above pH 7.55,
administer ammonium chloride
1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
79
Movement of fluid from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubule is called _________________________.
secretion
80
Water reabsorption occurs by the process of _________________________.
osmosis
81
ADH is produced by cells in the _________________________.
hypothalamus
82
The osmoreceptors of the nephron are located in the _________________________.
macula densa
83
Substances that combine with hydrogen ions in solution are called _________________________.
bases
84
The most abundant source of hydrogen ions are those from _________________________
metabolism
