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Lymphoid Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What are lymphoid structures composed of?

A

Lymhpocytes, lymphoid organs, and lymphatic vessels. Primary and secondary lymphoid structures.

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2
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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3
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, sacs, MALT, GALT, BALT. Anyplace where lymphocytes come into contact with antigens for immune response.

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4
Q

When does lymphoid embryogenesis begin?

A

After commencement of the cardiovascular system, usually the 5th embryonic week.

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5
Q

What are the cells that begin lymphoid embryogenesis?

A

LEC’s- lymphatic endothelial cells.

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6
Q

What cells leave the blood vessels to being lymphatic embryogenesis?

A

Lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC’s)

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7
Q

What do the LEC’s do after they leave the blood vessels?

A

They aggregate to form lymph sacs

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8
Q

What are the six primary lymph sacs?

A

2 jugular, 2 iliac, 1 retroperitoneal, 1 cisterna chyli

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9
Q

What cells form the lymph sacs?

A

Lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) with groups of mesenchyme cells.

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10
Q

What is the largest lymph sac?

A

the cisterna chyli

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11
Q

What is vasculogeneiss

A

The formation of blood/lymph vessels where there was no vessel before.

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12
Q

What is the name of the mechanism of formation of the lymph sacs?

A

They form via vasculogeneisis of LEC’s.

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13
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Budding from pre-existing vessels to form new vessels while maintaining contact with the parent vessel.

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14
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

The joining of two lymphatic ducts. A remodeling event.

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15
Q

Where does anastomosis occur?

A

It occurs in the formation of the thoratic ducts. Two ducts fuse to form a main thoratic ducts.

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16
Q

How many main lymphatic ducts during embyogenesis?

A

Three. A left, right and thoratic duct. All three ducts converge at cisterna chyli.

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17
Q

What forms the lymphatic nodules?

A

Peripherally located mesenchymal cells in the connective tissue associated with the developing lymphatic vessels.

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18
Q

What cells form the lymphatic vessels?

A

Vasculogenesis from isolated cell groups of mesenchyme.

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19
Q

What is the development of lymphatic nodules?

A

From lymph sacs. The sacs become nodules with mesenchyme cells then surrounded by sinuses, with mesenchyme completing the nodes.

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20
Q

What forms around the lymph nodes?

A

A capsule and tubeculae develops from mesenchyme cells.

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21
Q

What is a tebeculae?

A

Dense connective tissue that extends from the capsule towards the middle of the lymph node.

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22
Q

Spleen formation?

A

From an aggregation of mesenchyme in the dorsal mesogastrium.

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23
Q

Palitine tonsil formation

A

From 2nd pharyngeal pouch

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24
Q

tubal tonsil

A

From lymph nodules around pharyngeal openings of the phyaryngotympanic tubes

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25
Pharyngeal tonsils
Aggregation of lymph nodules in nasopharynx wall
26
Lingual tonsils
Aggregation of lymph nodules in the root of the tongue.
27
Congenital lymphedema
Diffuse swelling of part of body
28
Cystic hydroma
Large swelling on interiolateral neck with large fluid filled cavities. Causes abnormal jugular lymph sacs, genetic, bad fetal outcomes.
29
Lymph node capsule
Dense, irregular collagenous connective tissue that surrounds that sends trabeculae into the node.
30
lymph node cortex
Surrounds the nodules within the lymph nodes.
31
Lymph node paracortex
Found between the cortex and medulla that houses the T cells.
32
Lymph node medulla
Houses the sinuses of the lymph and where filtration takes places. Houses lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Fluid collection after filtering.
33
What structures exist in a lymph node?
Thick Capsule, trabeculae, cortex, medulla, and paracortex, many afferent vessels and only one efferent vessel.
34
Germinal centers
Where B lymphocytes mature and proliferate after being activated with an antigen. Found in lymph nodes.
35
Lymph node hilum
Where fluid drains out of lymph node via the efferent vessel.
36
Thymus structures
Thin capsule, cortex, medulla, two lobes, and connective tissue septum, blood supply.
37
What happens to the thymus as we age?
It begins to involute (atrophy) and fill with adipose tissue.
38
Function of the thymus?
For maturation of T cell lymphocytes.
39
What separates the thymus into two lobes?
The capsule sends the connective tissue septum into the thymus splitting into two lobes.
40
What are the structure of the two thymus lobes?
Each lobe has a cortex and medulla.
41
Thymus cortex function?
Contains thymocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells. Appears darker due to accumulation of T thymocytes. Differs self from non-self.
42
Thymus medulla function?
Contains naive T cells, macrophages, and reticular cells. Less lymphocytes than cortex therefore stains lighter. Has hassall's corpuscles.
43
What are Thymocytes
They are undifferentiated T lymphocytes cells.
44
Where are hassall corpuscles found?
In the medulla of the thymus.
45
Spleen function
Filters and destroys damaged RBC. Also works to aid in production of antibodies and T/B cell proliferation. Largest lymph organ
46
Spleen structures
large and highly vascularized, thick connective tissue capsule with trabeculae, Red/white pulp, splenic cords, and venous sinuses
47
Where is the spleen located?
Superior left abdominal quadrant.
48
White pulp of spleen function
Associated with central artery (immune) with germinal centers and abundant B cell expression.
49
Red pulp of spleen function
Associated with vein and sinusoids, rich in blood
50
Splenic cords in spleen
Contain B cells, T cells, plasma cells, macrophages, other blood cells.
51
Venous sinuses in spleen
Discontinuous capillaries.
52
MALT
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
53
MALT function
Non-encapsulated localized lymphocyte infiltration and lymphoid nodules in the mucous of the GI, repiratory, and urinary tract. GALT, BALT, and tonsils.
54
MALT structure
Aggregation of lymphatic nodules with crypts. Diffused expression and support of wet epithelial membranes of the mucosae.
55
GALT
Peyers patches in ileum, lymph nodules in appendix/colon
56
BALT
Found in bronchi and bronchioles
57
Tonsils
Composed of epithelium lining and incomplete capsule. Traps bacteria/virus, defend against infection, provides site for lymphocytes to meet antigen.
58
Tonsil structure
Lymph sacs of aggregation of unencapsulated lymphatic tissue. Most covered in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial. Form tonsillar crypts.
59
Tonsilloliths
Calcification of tonsillar crypts from debris.
60
Tonsils names
Palatine, tubal, pharyngeal, lingual.
61
Composition of lymph nodes
Capsule, germinal center, cortex, medulla
62
Composition of thymus
Thin capsule, cortex and medulla. No germinal center
63
Composition of spleen
Thick capsule, germinal center. No cortex or medulla
64
Compositoin of MALT
Germinal centers. No capsule, cortex or medulla
65
Composition of Tonsil
Germinal centers, No capsule, cortex or medulla.
66
What is interstitial fluid?
The fluid found between cells that is returned to the blood via the lymph sysytem.
67
What vessel system transports dietary lipids?
The lymph system
68
What is the flow of the lymph fluid?
Lymph.Capillaries->Lymph. vessels->lymph nodes->lymph trunk->lymph ducts->venous circulation.
69
Where are lymph capillaries located?
Anywhere blood capillaries occur. Absent from red bone marrow, CNS, and avascular tissue.
70
How is back flow prevented in the lymph capillaries?
Overlapping of endothelial cells forms the one-way flap.
71
Structure of lymph capillaries?
Closed end tubes lined by simple endothelial squamous cells who overlap to prevent backflow.
72
What are lacteals?
Special lymphatic capillaries in small intestine. Pick up intestinal fluid, dietary lipids, and lipid soluble vitamins.
73
What is GI lymph called?
Chyle.
74
What are the two types of lymph vessels?
Afferent and efferent
75
What is the direction of lymph flow in afferent and efferent lymph vessels?
Afferent is towards the lymph nodes, | Efferent is away from lymph nodes.
76
lymphatic vessels structure
Resemble veins with three tunics (intima, media, externa).
77
Location of lymph nodes?
Axillary (armpit), Ingunial (groin), cervical (neck), and scattered throughout body.
78
What area is drained by the thoracic duct?
All lower extremities plus left part of head, trunk, and left arm.
79
What area is drained by the right lymphatic duct?
Right part of head, right trunk, and right arm.
80
Where do lymphatic ducts drain into the cardiovascular system?
Empty at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins.
81
What is lymphedema?
Edema due to lymph node obstruction
82
Is lymphedema curable?
No, not even operable
83
What causes lymphedema?
parasites, removal of nodes, malignant of tumors.
84
What is lymphatic filariasis?
Parasites lodge in nodes causing swelling.
85
What are lymphatic nodules?
MALT and tonsils: pharyngeal (adendoids), palatine, and lingual.
86
What are the function of lymphoid nodules?
Screen for and attack foreign invaders
87
What is the structure of lymphatic nodules?
Oval clusters of lymphatic tissues not surrounded by connective tissue capsule. Contains macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes.
88
What are lymphatic organs?
Lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. Surrounded by connective tissue capsule containing macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes.
89
Function of thymus cortex?
Immature t-cells
90
Function of thymus medulla?
Mature T-cells.
91
White pulp of spleen function?
Monitors blood for foreign antigens, contains lymphocytes and macrophages.
92
Red pulp of spleen function?
Remove debris and old RBC from blood. Function as blood reservoir.
93
Where is the spleen located?
Upper left quadrant of abdomen.

Immunity (8 decks)

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