Lymphoid Tissues Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
These play a vital and central role in all the
lymphoid tissues and organs.
A
Lymphocytes
2
Q
This is where premature T and B lymphocytes mature
A
Primary lymphoid organs
3
Q
3 primary mammalian lymphoid organs
A
Fetal liver, adult bone marrow, thymus
4
Q
Comprises the secondary lymphoid organs
A
spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, nose associated lymphoid tissue, Payer’s patches, and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
5
Q
It is the collective term for all mucosa associated lymphoid tissues
A
MALT
6
Q
Identify the following abbreviations: BALT, ILF, GALT, and DALT
A
- Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
- Isolated lymphoid follicles
- Gut associated lymphoid tissue
- Duct associated lymphoid tissue
7
Q
These are the ectopic accumulation of lymphoid cells that arise in nonlymphoid organs.
A
Tertiary lymphoid organs/ tissues
8
Q
In the __ week of intrauterine life, six sacs are recognized to be formed
A
fifth
9
Q
in the first trimester, ___ form either by extension of the sacs or may form de novo and extend into various tissues.
A
lymphatic plexuses
10
Q
T/F: In the third trimester, differentiation into cortex and medulla begins, leading to the compartmentalized structures of the lymph node parenchyma.
A
In the second trimester
11
Q
The secondary follicles appear at day __ after birth indicating B cell migration into lymph node
A
18
12
Q
First lymphocytes invading into lymph nodes
A
T lymphocytes
13
Q
Three major functions of Lymph nodes and lymphatics
A
- Tissue drainage
- Immunity
- Fat absorption
14
Q
It is an offwhite or light yellow color
A
lymph
15
Q
A young adult will have around ___ lymph nodes.
A
450
16
Q
How many lymph nodes are present in the head and neck region?
A
60 to 70
17
Q
These are yellowish oval or bean-shaped nodules
A
Lymph nodes
18
Q
The inner side shows an indentation or a
dimpling called the ___.
A
hilum
19
Q
Diameter of lymph nodes
A
2-20 mm in diameter
20
Q
Three well-defined areas in lymph nodes from outer to inner
A
- Cortex/ cortical area
- Paracortex/ paracortical area
- Medullary area
21
Q
It is chiefly composed of collagen and elastin fibers with a few fibroblasts
A
Capsule
22
Q
It is the extension of the capsule towards the deeper or interior area
A
Trabeculae
23
Q
The structural and functional unit of lymph
nodes.
A
Lymphoid lobules
24
Q
The bulbous area of the lobules forms the
nodal ___ and the slender chord areas form the nodal ___.
A
cortex, medulla
25
The nodal cortex is commonly divided
into:
- Superficial cortex
- Deep cortex
26
It is also called as follicle compartment
Cortical area
27
These are round nodular area composed of a homogeneous cell population of small darkly stained, inactive lymphocytes
Primary follicles
28
These arise from the primary follicle due to antigenic stimuli, and has central pale-stained area
Secondary follicle
29
T/F: Secondary follicles have no different zones while Primary follicles have zones
False. Primary follicles; no zones, Secondary follicles; two zones
30
T/F: Secondary follicles have no different zones while Primary follicles have zones
False. Primary follicles; no zones, Secondary follicles; two zones
31
Microscopic features/ cells present in Cortical Area
Follicular dendritic cells, Tingible body macrophages, Lymphoid cells, Naive/ mature B cells small lymphocytes, Centroblasts, Centrocytes, Lymphoblasts, Immunoblasts
32
These are inconspicuous cells with many long and slender dendritic cytoplasmic extensions, and known as antigen trapping cells.
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)
33
Cytoplasmic extensions of FDCs are linked with each other by ___
Hemidesmosomes
34
FDCs originate from __ phagocyte system
mononuclear
35
These engulf apoptopic bodies and nuclear debris formed by selection process of lymphocyte
Tingible body macrophages (TBMs)
36
T/F: The nuclear size of the TBM is used as a yard scale for estimating size of lymphocytes
True
37
Round cells with an average cell diameter of 6 mm and a nuclear diameter of 5 mm showing a high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio
Naive B cells, small lymphocytes
38
Large round cells with a basophilic rim of cytoplasm and a large vesicular nucleus with distinct nucleoli on its periphery
Centroblasts
39
These are produced when mature __
B lymphocytes encounter antigenic challenge
40
Centroblasts give rise to ___.
Centrocytes
41
Referred to as cleaved nuclei, with a chromatin pattern, which is coarser than the centroblast
Centrocytes
42
Large cells, with a large vesicular nucleus and a conspicuous single centrally placed nucleus
Immunoblasts
43
It is also known as the deep cortex
Paracortex (paracortical) area
44
Dominating lymphoid cells in the paracortex
T lymphocytes
45
Microscopic features/ cells found in paracortex
T lymphocytes, Interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs), high endothelial venules, Follicular reticular cells (FRCs)
46
Present in good numbers in the paracortex and can cause mottling of paracortex
Interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs)
47
Distinct vessels found in the paracortex by the presence of plump cuboidal or cylindrical endothelial cells with large oval nuclei, vesicular chromatin and indistinct nucleoli
Epithelioid venules / postcapillary venules / high endothelial venules
48
Responsible for the transport of cytokines and/or antigens though the parenchyma of
the lymph node.
Follicular reticular cells (FRCs)
49
Active site of plasma cell proliferation, differentiation and production of antibodies in lymph nodes
Medullary area
50
Cells with a distinct ‘clock face’ nucleus which is eccentrically located in the cytoplasm
Plasma cells
51
Microscopic features/ cells present in Medullary area
Small lymphocytes, Lymphoplasmacytoid cells, Plasma cells, Macrophages, Mast cells
52
The immunohistochemical staining of this cell are as follows:
CD19, CD20, CD22 and CD79a.
B cell lymphocyte
53
The immunohistochemical staining of this cell are as follows:
CD21, CD35, C3b and C3d.
Dendritic reticular cells
54
Centroblasts stain positive with the staining agent
CD10
55
The immunohistochemical staining of this cell are as follows:
CD11b, CD35 and CD68
Tingible body macrophage
56
The immunohistochemical staining of this cell are as follows:
CD24, HLA-DR and S-100 protein.
Interdigitating dendritic cells
57
The immunohistochemical staining of this cell are as follows:
s CD2, CD3, CD5, CD7, CD43 and
HLA-DR.
T cells
58
Plasma cells stain positive with the staining agent __
CD138
59
Lymphoid sinus macrophages stains positive with the staining agents:
CD68 and S-100 protein
60
Endothelial cells of the HEV and blood vessels stain with:
CD31 and CD34
61
Every lobule is connected by a cascading series of lymphatic sinuses. They are divided into:
Subcapsular, Trabecular, Transverse and Medullary sinus
62
Made of stellate fibroblastic reticular cells with elongated cell process. They divide the lobule into a number of interstices and locules
Reticular network in lobular area
63
The reticular fibers are delicate fibers of ___ with a dimension of __ in diameter
type III collagen, 20 nm
64
The afferent lymphatics drain into the __
Subscapular sinus
65
The lymph collected from the right head and neck area is drained into the __
right subclavian vein
66
The drained lymph from the left side accumulates into the___ and returns to the main blood circulation via the __.
thoracic duct, left subclavian vein.
67
One of the most common finding as pathological mass in the submandibular and cervical area in the neck.
Lymph node enlargement
68
Possible causes of enlargement of lymph nodes
Infectious organism, deposition of malignant cells as metastasis, manifestations of primary tumors (lymphomas)
69
Refers to nontender and nonpainful
enlargement of the lymph nodes.
Lymphadenopathy
70
The inflammation and infection of a lymph node generally caused by infection in an area
drained by the particular lymph node
Lymphadenitis
71
A watery fluid, offwhite in color
lymph
72
T/F: Lymph is derived from extracellular fluid that flows into the lymphatic
False. Lymph is derived from Interstitial fluid
73
The mixture of lymph from all areas of the body usually has a protein concentration of __
3–5 g/dl.
74
protein concentration in the interstitial fluid of most tissues averages about __.
2 g/dl
75
How many ml per hour of lymph flows through thee thoracic duct?
100 ml per hour
76
Factors that increase the formation and flow of
lymph are:
1. Increased capillary pressure
2. Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
3. Increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
4. Increased permeability of the capillaries
5. Compression of lymph vessel.
77
The entrance of the alimentary and respiratory tracts.
Oropharynx
78
To protect the oropharynx the tonsils form a lymphatic tissue in a ring called ___
Waldeyer’s ring
79
T/F: The tonsils have no afferent lymphatic vessels leading to the tonsils
True
80
Lingual and palatine tonsils show __ epithelium.
stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized
stratified squamous epithelium
81
A paired tonsils located bilaterally on the posterior one third of the tongue
Lingual tonsils
82
The lingual tonsils drain into the __
deep superior cervical nodes
83
Largest tonsils in the Waldeyer’s ring.
Palatine tonsils
84
Situated between the palatoglossus muscle and the palatopharyngeus muscle
Palatine tonsils
85
These glands lack the complete flushing action thereby leading to frequent tissue inflammation.
Palatine tonsils
86
Also called adenoids are located in the midline in the posterior wall of the superior portion of the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsils
87
The pharyngeal tonsils drain to the __, while the Palatine tonsils drain into __
retropharyngeal nodes, deep cervical lymph nodes.
88
___ doesn't have epithelium covering while __ is covered by nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
Lymph nodes, Tonsils
89
Growth of tonsils is rapid at birth, till the age
of __ years
6–7
90
Most important function of tonsils
activate lymphocytes during invasion of microorganisms
91
Most common pathology associated with the waldeyer's ring
Tonsillitis
92
Head and neck lymph nodes are classified into two groups, which are:
Superficial and deep group
93
Superficial lymph nodes in head and neck are divided into two groups namely:
Anterior cervical nodes, and superficial cervical nodes
94
T/F: Superficial nodes are more in number than deep nodes
False. Deep nodes are more in number
95
Deep nodes are arranged into two which are:
vertical chain and circular chain
96
The deep cervical nodes commonly referred to are the:
jugulodigastric node and the jugulo-omohyoid node
97
The circular chain of lymph nodes consist of the __
submental node, submandibular node, buccal or facial node, parotid nodes, the postauricular node and the occipital nodes
98
Lymphatics from the head and neck chain drain into the __, which then drain into __ and ends in the ___
deep cervical nodes, jugular trunk, thoracic duct
99
The lymph vessels from the buccal gingiva of maxillary and mandibular area drain into the __
Submandibular lymph nodes
100
Lymph from all the teeth are drained into the
__ except those of mandibular incisors as these drain to the
submandibular nodes, Submental nodes
