lympth

Question 1

what is the lymphatic system

Answer 1

a drainage system that returns extracellular fluid to the body circulation

Question 2

how many types of extracellular fluid is there and what are they

Answer 2

3
plasma
interstitial
lymph

Question 3

what is plasma

Answer 3

the colorless fluid component of blood that seeps through the capillary walls

Question 4

what is interstitial

Answer 4

the plasma that has seeped through the capillary walls and circulates among the body tissue

Question 5

what is lymph

Answer 5

when interstitial fluid drains out of the tissues and enters the lymph ducts

Question 6

it is similar to the circulatory system but what are the three differences

Answer 6

lacks a pump
travels only in one direction
contains lymph nodes

Question 7

what does it consist of

Answer 7

capillaries
vessels
ducts
nodes

Question 8

where does it course along

Answer 8

circulatory system

Question 9

what are capillaries

Answer 9

blind ended structures in the interstitial spaces

consist of single endothelial layer

Question 10

what do capillaries join together to form

Answer 10

larger vessels

Question 11

what controls the direction of flow in capillaries

Answer 11

valves

Question 12

capallaries are superfical vessles at what level and where do they drain into

Answer 12

subcutaneous drain into deep lympthatics

Question 13

what passes through nodes on the way to the chest

Answer 13

deep vessels

Question 14

in the chest what happens to lymph

Answer 14

re-enters the bloodstream

Question 15

what are lymph nodes an important component of

Answer 15

RE system

Question 16

are lymph nodes distributed throughout the body

Answer 16

YES

Question 17

what is the shape of lymph tissue that is scattered along the lymphatic vessels

Answer 17

bean/ovoid

Question 18

what is the measurements of lymph nodes

Answer 18

1mm- 1/2 cm

Question 19

what are lymph nodes surrounded by

Answer 19

A connective tissue capsule

Question 20

what do afferent vessels do

Answer 20

drain into the node
carry lymph through the sinuses
filter out/ destroy bacteria and malignant cells
has germinal centers

Question 21

what are germinal centers and what do they do

Answer 21

sponge like centers
produce lymphocytes
empty into the lymph prior to leaving the node

Question 22

what are the sinuses lined with

Answer 22

phagocytic cells

Question 23

what do efferent vessels do

Answer 23

leave only at the hilum

Question 24

lymph nodes are rarely the site of what

Answer 24

primary disease

Question 25

the secondary disease may be seen with

Answer 25

systemic infections | many neoplasms

Question 26

what are the two major node-bearing areas in the retroperitoneum

Answer 26

pelvis- iliac + hypogastric | upper retroperitoneum- paraaortic

Question 27

the lymph chain follows the course of what

Answer 27

thoracic aorta abdominal aorta iliac arteries

Question 28

what are other lymphatic tissues

Answer 28

tonsils thymus spleen

Question 29

what do tonsils protect

Answer 29

oral region

Question 30

what does the thymus produce and manufacture

Answer 30

produces antibodies before puberty | manufactures lymphocytes

Question 31

what does the spleen do

Answer 31

filters blood and produces lymphocytes

Question 32

what does lymphatic circulation consist of

Answer 32

deep and superficial channels of drainage

Question 33

what are the group of nodes at key locations

Answer 33

axillary- upper limbs cervical- neck inguinal- lower limbs intestinal nodes-digestion

Question 34

what is another name for the intestinal nodes

Answer 34

peyer's patch

Question 35

what does the right lymphatic duct drain

Answer 35

right upper quadrant

Question 36

what does the left lymphatic ducts drain

Answer 36

remaining 3/4 of the body

Question 37

what is another name for the left lymphatic duct

Answer 37

thoratic duct

Question 38

what is the physiology of lymph

Answer 38

``` extracellular fluid formation similar to blood plasma-higher albumin ratio low leukocyte count no erythrocytes digestive enzymes ```

Question 39

what is the physiology of lymph flow

Answer 39

slow under resting conditions depends on the kneading action of skeletal muscles contains valves in larger vessels to prevent backflow

Question 40

what are the functions of lymphatic system

Answer 40

phagocytosis immunity tissue drainage excretion

Question 41

what is excreation

Answer 41

adsorpation and circulation of end products of fat digestion

Question 42

what is the sonographic appearance of abdomen

Answer 42

not usually visualized

Question 43

what is the abdominal nodes measurement

Answer 43

<1cm

Question 44

what is the appearance of lymph nodes

Answer 44

homogenous | low level echoes

Question 45

what are the pitfalls of lymph nodes in US

Answer 45

enlarged para-aortic lymph nodes may mimic aneurysm bowel gas may obscure our visulization off abnormal nodes enlarged lymph nodes surrounding vessels may make evaluation of these vessels and their bifurcations difficult fluid filled areas may obscure enlarged nodes