(M) Abnormalities in Chromosome (2)

Question 1

Numerical Abnormalities

with extra sets of chromosomes; caused by fertilization of an egg by >1 or 2 sperm; not compatible with life

Answer 1

Polyploidy

Question 2

di

Answer 2

ck

Question 3

T or F. Numerical abnormalities ONLY results from loss of whole chromosome.

Answer 3

F (gain and loss)

Question 4

T or F. Triploidy is NOT compatible with life.

Answer 4

T

Question 5

Numerical Abnormality

state of having 2 or more genetically
different cell lines

Answer 5

Mixoploidy

Question 6

T or F. Polyploidy are acquired or somatic type of chromosomal abnormalities based on chromosomal constituents

Answer 6

F (mixoploidy)

Question 7

these are those that arise from
two different zygotes

Answer 7

chimera

Question 8

T or F. Infusion of cells from a twin to another is the same description of Chimera.

Answer 8

T

Question 9

Type of Aneuploidy: state of having a missing a pair of homologs occurring during the preimplementation stage; lethal

Answer 9

Nullisomy

Question 10

Types of Aneuploidy: one chromosome missing; occurs during embryonic stage; lethal and abort in 99% of cases

Answer 10

Monosomy

Question 11

Among this are exception to monosomy except:

A. Monosomy 21
B. Monosomy X
C. Turner Syndrome
D. (45, X)

Answer 11

A

Question 12

T or F. Trisomy occurs during embryonic (3-8 weeks) or fetal development (9-36 weeks) stage

Answer 12

T

Question 13

T or F. Trisomy 21 is lethal and may survive or reach 40 y/o or more.

Answer 13

T

Question 14

What phase in the interphase affects both chromatids?

Answer 14

G1

Question 15

What phase of the cell cycle affects one chromatid?

Answer 15

G2

Question 16

Ways to repair that will stabilize your chromosome

Answer 16

joining the two ends or capping end with telomere

Question 17

What prevent entry of cells with unrepaired chromosome breaks to enter mitosis and it delays mitosis and allows repair of the damaged chromosomes?

Answer 17

Checkpoints

Question 18

Failure of repair leads to?

Answer 18

Apoptosis

Question 19

An incorrectly repaired chromosome will lead to?

Answer 19

structural abnormalities

Question 20

T or F. Cell cycle can halt to undergo repair but an incorrectly repaired chromosome may still be able to pass checkpoints.

Answer 20

T

Question 21

the point where the cells is committed to advance further into the cell cycle without requiring anymore broad signal that initiated cell division.

Answer 21

restriction point

Question 22

What phase of the cell cycle checks for DNA damage, adequacy of cell size, and presence of broad signals for cell proliferation

Answer 22

G1 restriction point

Question 23

T or F. In the S chromosome, there’s a chromosomal duplication and growth in mass

Answer 23

F (duplication lang)

Question 24

What phase of the cell cycle checks for damaged or unduplicated DNA?

Answer 24

G2 restriction point

Question 25

# Forms healed by adding telomere, if near the telomere

Answer 25

single break (terminal deletion)

Question 26

# Forms Balance Translocation

Answer 26

Single break (two chromosomes with a single break they can exchange their broken segments)

Question 27

# Forms ring chromosome formation, duplication, interstitial deletion, inversion, translocation | no. of breaks

Answer 27

Two or three breaks

Question 28

T or F. If 3 breaks, you can have ring chromosome formation because the ends can fuse because they are very sticky, although you can have deletion there; you can also have insterstitial deletion, inversion

Answer 28

F (2 breaks)

Question 29

T or F. If at least 3 breaks, you can have duplication, some breaks in the arms that are being duplicated and other break in the other arm where the duplication will transfer.

Answer 29

T

Question 30

# Forms formed when two telomeres are lost; ends become sticky and adhere/fuse to form a ring

Answer 30

Ring Chromosome

Question 31

# Form more likely due to loss of gametes or genes in the telomeric regions of the chromosome than the ring formation itself

Answer 31

Ring Chromosome

Question 32

T or F. Ring formation can go to the cell cycle because it has been repaired but it is also unstable

Answer 32

T

Question 33

# Form refers to extra chromosomal segment within the same homologous or another non-homologous chromosome

Answer 33

Duplication

Question 34

T or F. Inversion can also occur between two homologous chromosome or non- homologous chromosome

Answer 34

F (duplication)

Question 36

# From two breaks - broken portion turned upside down - reattached

Answer 36

inversion

Question 37

inversion of a segment of the p or q arm and does not include the centromere

Answer 37

Paracentric inversion

Question 38

# inversion breaks occur in both short and long arms and includes the centromere in the inverted segment

Answer 38

Pericentric inversion

Question 39

T or F. In inversion, there's loss of genetic materials.

Answer 39

F

Question 40

# Form loss of a segment of a chromosome

Answer 40

Deletion

Question 41

T or F . Terminal end is more common than interstitial deletion.

Answer 41

T

Question 42

# Form 2 breaks between the centromere and telomere à loss à fusion of broken ends to the more proximal segment

Answer 42

Insterstitial deletion

Question 43

T or F. Deletion involves a loss of genetic material regardless of the type of deletion.

Answer 43

T

Question 44

# Translocation involves exchange of genetic materials of non-homologous chromosomes

Answer 44

reciprocal or balanced

Question 45

TOF. Robertsonnian translocation have one break from the chromosome, one break from the other and then exchange of segment of the two chromosomes.

Answer 45

F (balanced)

Question 46

# form involves acrocentric chromosomes which have short p arms called satellites

Answer 46

Robertsonian Translocation

Question 46

TOF. A person cant function even if satellites are lost

Answer 46

F

Question 46

TOF. Miscarriages or spontaneous abortion may also occur in balanced Translocation.

Answer 46

T

Question 47

T or F. In centric fusion there is a loss of genetic materials and formation of 2 long arms.

Answer 47

T

Question 48

Centric fusion except: A. No clinical symptoms B. Lost of mRNA C. Lost of centromere D. Both B and C E. All of the Above

Answer 48

E

Question 49

T or F. In acrocentric chromosomes, there's no clincal symptoms but have increased risk of infertility, spontaneous abortions or chromosomally unbalanced offsprings for carriers

Answer 49

T

Question 50

# Form occurs when the exchange of chromosome material is unequal resulting in loss or gain of genes.

Answer 50

Nonreciprocal or unbalanced translocation

Question 51

T or F. Nonreciprocal or unbalanced translocation does not also cause significant clinical outcomes.

Answer 51

F

Question 52

Chromosomes with 2 identical arms is possible due to?

Answer 52

transverse division (of the centromere or U-type exchange between sister chromatids along the centromere under iso)

Question 53

Try to explain what happened

Answer 53

terminal deletion of 1 healed by the addition of telomere

Question 54

Describe

Answer 54

An unequal crossover or unequal sister chromatid exchange; instertitial deletion

Question 55

Identify abnormality

Answer 55

Paracentric inv.

Question 56

Identify abnormality

Answer 56

Pericentric inversion

Question 57

Final Chromosomes?

Answer 57

1 Dicentric Chromosome and 1 Acentric Chromosome (left) and Stable reciprocal translocation (right)

Question 58

EXCHANGE OF CENTRIC AND ACENTRIC FRAGMENTS leads to?

Answer 58

1 Dicentric Chromosome and 1 Acentric Chromosome.