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Question 1

How were medical texts spread in the Medieval Era?

Answer 1

Monks hand-wrote them

Question 2

In the Medieval era, were most literate or illiterate?

Answer 2

Illiterate

Question 3

What were attitudes to change like in the Medieval Era?

Answer 3

Held resistance to change and respect for tradition and ancient ideas

Question 4

Who did the Church base their idea of medicine on in the Medieval era and why?

Answer 4

Galen because his theories supported the Christian idea of one God

Question 5

What did Kings and the government do about public health in the Medieval era?

Answer 5

Kings had no duty to improve health so the government had little power to make any changes

Question 6

How were physicians educated in the Medieval era?

Answer 6

Through reading books - disallowed from dissection or experimentation so that they could not disprove Galen

Question 7

Who was Roger Bacon?

Answer 7

A man who challenged the Church and Galen and was therefore imprisoned

Question 8

MEDIEVAL CAUSES OF DISEASE: God & Religion
There was a ___ of ___ knowledge so people ___ on the ___ to understand ___. The ___ taught ___ stories which described how ___, such as ___, was a ___ from ___. People treated this with ___, ___, ___ or the King’s ___, which was said to ___ diseases such as ___. Some believed that ___ and avoiding ___ could prevent this.

Answer 8

MEDIEVAL CAUSES OF DISEASE: God & Religion
There was a lack of scientific knowledge so people relied on the Church to understand disease. The Church taught Bible stories which described how illness, such as leprosy, was a punishment from God. People treated this with prayer, Mass, pilgrimage or the King’s touch, which was said to cure diseases such as scrofula. Some believed that bathing and avoiding sin could prevent this.

Question 9

MEDIEVAL CAUSES OF DISEASE: Astrology
The idea of astrology being a cause of disease was first ___ by the ___ until after the ___ ___ as they believed it to be a form of ___ ___. They later ___ it, for it ___ with ___ theory that the ___ and ___ affected the ___. This led to ___ checking the ___ charts of patients to ___ them.

Answer 9

MEDIEVAL CAUSES OF DISEASE: Astrology
The idea of astrology being a cause of disease was first rejected by the Church until after the Black Death as they believed it to be a form of fortune telling. They later accepted it, for it aligned with Hippocrates’ theory that the stars and planets affected the humours. This led to physicians checking the star charts of patients to diagnose them.

Question 10

MEDIEVAL CAUSES OF DISEASE: Four Humours
Largely supported by the ___ for being a theory of ___, people believed that the four humours (___, ___ bile, ___ bile, ___) would cause disease when ___. It was a very ___ theory and so was ___ to ___. ___ then came up with the ___ of ___ to ___ unbalanced humours - for example, using ___ to undergo ___ if you had too much ___. ___ and ___ remedies were also ways to treat this. To prevent this, the ___ were given a ‘___ ___’, personalised ___ to keep the humours ___.

Answer 10

MEDIEVAL CAUSES OF DISEASE: Four Humours
Largely supported by the Church for being a theory of Hippocrates, people believed that the four humours (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm) would cause disease when unbalanced. It was a very detailed theory and so was hard to challenge. Galen then came up with the Theory of Opposites to treat unbalanced humours - for example, using leeches to undergo bloodletting if you had too much blood. Purging and herbal remedies were also ways to treat this. To prevent this, the rich were given a ‘Regimen Sanitatis’, personalised instructions to keep the humours balanced.

Question 11

MEDIEVAL CAUSES OF DISEASE: Miasma
The idea that ___ ___ caused disease. This was ___ by the ___ for it ___ with ___ teachings of ___ and was also a theory of ___ and ___. People would prevent this by ___, hanging ___ herbs up or ___ around whilst smelling something like a ___.

Answer 11

MEDIEVAL CAUSES OF DISEASE: Miasma
The idea that bad smells caused disease. This was supported by the Church for it aligned with religious teachings of sin and was also a theory of Hippocrates and Galen. People would prevent this by bathing, hanging sweet herbs up or walking around whilst smelling something like a posy.

Question 12

MEDIEVAL HEALERS: Physicians
Physicians were ___ in ___ using a book called the ___. They were only ___ to the ___ and they used ___ charts, ___ charts and the humours to ___ patients. They did not ___ patients or perform ___, but simply ___ remedies ___ symptoms and ___ them.

Answer 12

MEDIEVAL HEALERS: Physicians
Physicians were educated in universities using a book called the Articella. They were only affordable to the rich and they used star charts, urine charts and the humours to diagnose patients. They did not treat patients or perform surgery, but simply matched remedies to symptoms and diagnosed them.

Question 13

MEDIEVAL HEALERS: Barber Surgeons
Very ___ surgeons who lacked ___ but could perform ___ surgeries such as the pulling out of ___. The more ___ surgeons would be permitted to set ___, but they were highly ___ because they were highly ___.

Answer 13

MEDIEVAL HEALERS: Barber Surgeons
Very cheap surgeons who lacked training but could perform basic surgeries such as the pulling out of teeth. The more skilled surgeons would be permitted to set limbs, but they were highly expensive because they were highly trained.

Question 14

MEDIEVAL HEALERS: Apocatheries
They were ___ places which ___ and ___ herbal ___ to people. They used herbal ___ such as the ___ ___ to do this.

Answer 14

MEDIEVAL HEALERS: Apocatheries
They were affordable places which mixed and offered herbal remedies to people. They used herbal manuals such as the Materia Medica to do this.

Question 15

MEDIEVAL HEALERS: Hospitals/Monasteries
These were run by the ___ and funded by ___. Instead of ___ people, they provided ___, ___, ___ and ___. However, they were not ___ to everybody and did not accept the ___ or the ___.

Answer 15

MEDIEVAL HEALERS: Hospitals/Monasteries
These were run by the Church and funded by charities. Instead of healing people, they provided prayer, rest, food and hygiene. However, they were not open to everybody and did not accept the infectious or the pregnant.

Question 16

MEDIEVAL HEALERS: Home
___ often grew ___ and ___ herbal remedies to look after their ___.

Answer 16

MEDIEVAL HEALERS: Home
Women often grew herbs and mixed herbal remedies to look after their family.

Question 17

When was the Black Death and what era was this?

Answer 17

1348-1349, Medieval

Question 18

What was the death rate for the Bubonic Plague and what was it spread by?

Answer 18

40%, spread by fleas on rats

Question 19

What was the death rate for the Pnuemonic Plague and what was it spread by?

Answer 19

100%, spread by coughs and sneezes

Question 20

Give three things that people in the Medieval era believed caused the Black Death?

Answer 20

Miasma, unbalanced humours, punishment for sin

Question 21

Give three treatments people used to try and cure the Black Death?

Answer 21

Bursting buboes, the “Vicary Method” of rubbing a live chicken’s rump on a person’s buboes and various herbal remedies

Question 22

Give three preventions people tried to stop them catching the Black Death?

Answer 22

Flagellation (whipping themselves to gain God’s forgiveness), actually avoiding bathing (they believed it would open their pores) and quarantine (although the local government lacked power to enforce this).

Question 23

What was trepanning and what era was this mostly used in?

Answer 23

This was when a hole was cut in the top of a person’s skull to release evil spirits and this was mostly used in the Medieval era.

Question 24

What was cauterisation and what era was this mostly used in?

Answer 24

This was when a piece of iron was heated in a fire and pressed onto a wound which would seal blood vessels, but would also risk severe burns and infections and this was mostly used in the Medieval era.

Question 25

What natural anaesthetic was used in both the Medieval era and the Renaissance era?

Answer 25

Hemlock

Question 26

What natural antiseptic was used in both the Medieval era and the Renaissance era?

Answer 26

Honey

Question 27

What did voyages bring during the Renaissance era?

Answer 27

Opium and tobacco

Question 28

How did attitudes to medicine change in the Renaissance era?

Answer 28

They began to reject religious ideas, believing that religion should be separate from other aspects of life which reduced the control of the Church and they also began to encourage science and experiments

Question 29

What made it easier to experiment in the Renaissance era?

Answer 29

The advancing technology of objects such as clocks, microscopes and thermometers

Question 30

When was the printing press created?

Answer 30

1440AD

Question 31

How did the Church lose control over medical texts in the Renaissance era?

Answer 31

The printing press was created in 1440AD so texts were more easily spread and were therefore also cheaper

Question 32

What happened to education in the Renaissance era?

Answer 32

It became more affordable and experiments began to be encouraged. New universities such as Cambridge were opened.

Question 33

RENAISSANCE CAUSES OF DISEASE: God & Sin People began to ___ that ___ did not send ___ despite this idea being ___ by the ___. However, they still believed that God sent ___ such as the ___ ___. Treatments no longer included ___ or ___, but people still ___ and believed in the King’s ___. There were no more ___.

Answer 33

RENAISSANCE CAUSES OF DISEASE: God & Sin People began to recognise that God did not send disease despite this idea being promoted by the Church. However, they still believed that God sent epidemics such as the Great Plague. Treatments no longer included Mass or pilgrimage, but people still prayed and believed in the King’s touch. There were no more flagellants.

Question 34

RENAISSANCE CAUSES OF DISEASE: Four Humours Physicians ___ believing in this theory as it was disproved by ___, but ___ people ___ believed in this and ___ their ___ to use it. New ___ treatments were used for ___, such as a small dose of ___. People believed that having a ___ ___ would keep your humours balanced.

Answer 34

RENAISSANCE CAUSES OF DISEASE: Four Humours Physicians stopped believing in this theory as it was disproved by 1700, but ordinary people still believed in this and expected their physicians to use it. New chemical treatments were used for purging, such as a small dose of Antimony. People believed that having a balanced lifestyle would keep your humours balanced.

Question 35

RENAISSANCE CAUSES OF DISEASE: Miasma This was still very ___, especially during ___ such as the ___ ___. People no longer ___ to prevent this because the disease ___ was ___ with ___ baths, so they instead ___ themselves with ___.

Answer 35

RENAISSANCE CAUSES OF DISEASE: Miasma This was still very popular, especially during epidemics such as the Great Plague. People no longer bathed to prevent this because the disease syphilis was associated with public baths, so they instead rubbed themselves with linen.

Question 36

RENAISSANCE CAUSES OF DISEASE: Contagion A ___ idea that ___ in the ___ caused disease. ___ were used to measure ___ conditions and people would move ___ from ___ with ___ to prevent this.

Answer 36

RENAISSANCE CAUSES OF DISEASE: Contagion A new idea that seeds in the air caused disease. Thermometers were used to measure weather conditions and people would move away from areas with disease to prevent this.

Question 37

What cause of disease was no longer used in the Renaissance era?

Answer 37

Astrology

Question 38

What 3 new treatments were introduced in the Renaissance era?

Answer 38

Herbal remedies to match the illness (e.g. saffron to cure jaundice) Transference (transferring the illness to an object, e.g. rubbing an onion on a wart) Remedies from the new world (opium and tobacco)

Question 39

How was Thomas Sydenham different from Medieval doctors?

Answer 39

-> he did not follow the work of Hippocrates and Galen -> refused to rely on medical books -> believed diseases came from outside the body rather than the four humours inside the body -> treated disease as a whole rather than by individual symptom -> believed a person’s nature (humours, astrology) had nothing to do with disease

Question 40

Ambroise Pare was a ___ surgeon who discovered that treating ___ wounds with ___ ___, ___ ___ and ___ was a more ___ method than the traditionally used ___.

Answer 40

Ambroise Pare was a barber surgeon who discovered that treating gunshot wounds with egg yolk, rose oil and turpentine was a more efficient method than the traditionally used cauterisation.

Question 41

Andreas Vesalius wrote ‘The ___ of the ___ ___’ and disproved ___ theory by ___ dead bodies he ___ from ___. He faced lots of ___ for this.

Answer 41

Andreas Vesalius wrote ‘The Fabric of the Human Body’ and disproved Galen’s theory by dissecting dead bodies he stole from graves. He faced lots of opposition for this.

Question 42

William Harvey discovered that blood ___ the body, disproving ___ theory that ___ was ___ by the ___ to ___ blood that had been ___ up by ___.

Answer 42

William Harvey discovered that blood circulated the body, disproving Galen’s theory that blood was manufactured by the liver to replace blood that had been burned up by muscles.

Question 43

How did healers in the Renaissance era change from the Medieval era?

Answer 43

-> apothecaries had access to new chemicals for herbal remedies -> dissection became legal for physicians -> hospitals began to treat people’s health and offer medicine

Question 44

When was the Great Plague and what era was this?

Answer 44

1665, Renaissance

Question 45

How many people in London died in the Great Plague?

Answer 45

100,000

Question 46

Give three things that people in the Renaissance era believed caused the Great Plague?

Answer 46

Miasma, contagion, punishment for sin

Question 47

Give three treatments people used to try and cure the Great Plague?

Answer 47

Transference, making patients sweat and herbal remedies

Question 48

Give three preventions people tried to stop them catching the Great Plague?

Answer 48

Smoking tobacco, banning public gatherings and quarantines (the infected’s doors were marked with a red X)

Question 49

What were attitudes like in the 18th-19th century?

Answer 49

Becoming less ‘laissez-faire’ and more open to science and rationality

Question 50

What was the government like in the 18th-19th century?

Answer 50

They began to promote vaccination, create public health acts and fund research

Question 51

18th-19th CENTURY CAUSES OF DISEASE: Miasma People ___ believed in Miasma ___ the late ___ century when ___ ___ and ___ ___’s findings were discovered. The Great ___ of ___ proved how ___ conditions were.

Answer 51

18th-19th CENTURY CAUSES OF DISEASE: Miasma People still believed in Miasma until the late 19th century when Germ Theory and Jon Snow’s research were discovered. The Great Stink of 1858 proved how filthy conditions were.

Question 52

Jon Snow studied the ___ of ___ in ___ Street and ___ it back to a ___ water ___. A ___ had ___ into the ___. He proved that the ___ water was causing ___ (yet did not ___ that it was ___ of ___), however many people ___ this and still chose to ___ in ___ until ___ ___’s Germ Theory.

Answer 52

Jon Snow studied the spread of cholera in Broad Street and traced it back to a contaminated water pump. A cesspit had leaked into the pipes. He proved that the dirty water was causing cholera (yet did not know that it was because of bacteria), however many people ignored this and still chose to believe in miasma until Louis Pasteur’s Germ Theory.

Question 53

In ___, Edward Jenner took cowpox ___ from a ___ and ___ it into a small ___ of an ___ year old boy, ___ ___. He became ___ ill with ___ but then was ___ to ___, a far more ___ disease that killed ___ in ___ who got it. He called this vaccination after the ___ word for ___, ‘___’. It became ___ to give this to all newborn ___ in ___.

Answer 53

In 1796, Edward Jenner took cowpox pus from a milkmaid and smeared it into a small cut of an 8 year old boy, James Phipps. He became mildly ill with cowpox but then was immune to smallpox, a far more deadlier disease that killed 1 in 3 who got it. He called this vaccination after the Latin word for cow, ‘vacca’. It became compulsory to give this to all newborn babies in 1853.

Question 54

Florence Nightingale witnessed ___ and ___ hospitals during the ___ war and decided to ___ patients due to their ___, allow ___ air to ___ and ___ patient’s ___ regularly. She reduced the hospital ___ rate there from ___% to ___%. With ___ from public ___, she set up a ___ school for nurses at St ___’ Hospital in ___ and, in ___, published a book called ___ for ___. She did not believe in ___ ___ and instead believed in ___, and she did not teach nurses about ___ as she believed it was ___ and ‘not a ___ place’.

Answer 54

Florence Nightingale witnessed dirty and overcrowded hospitals during the Crimean war and decided to separate patients due to their illness, allow clean air to circulate and wash patient’s bedding regularly. She reduced the hospital death rate there from 40% to 2%. With money from public donations, she set up a training school for nurses at St Thomas’ Hospital in London and, in 1859, published a book called Notes for Nursing. She did not believe in Germ Theory and instead believed in Miasma, and she did not teach nurses about germs as she believed it was unimportant and ‘not a woman’s place’.

Question 55

Koch wanted to prove ___ Germ Theory, and so he injected ___ with ___ bacteria and found that the mice then got the ___ anthrax. He also came up with many ___ techniques such as ___, ___ and ___ ___ and, by ___, he identified ___ disease-causing ___.

Answer 55

Koch wanted to prove Pasteur’s Germ Theory, and so he injected mice with anthrax bacteria and found that the mice then got the disease anthrax. He also came up with many laboratory techniques such as stains, dyes and agar jelly and, by 1900, he identified 21 disease-causing germs.

Question 56

Pasteur ___ that ___ went ___ due to ___ in the ___ and argued that this ___ bacteria can cause ___. He called this ___ ___. He went on to study ___ in ___ and found that, after falling ___, they had ___ to cholera, reinforcing ___ earlier findings with ___. However, Pasteur was the ___ to actually create ___ in a ___.

Answer 56

Pasteur hypothesised that milk went off due to bacteria in the air and argued that this same bacteria can cause disease. He called this Germ Theory. He went on to study cholera in chickens and found that, after falling ill, they had immunity to cholera, reinforcing Jenner’s earlier findings with cowpox. However, Pasteur was the first to actually create vaccines in a lab.

Question 57

In ___, James Simpson found that ___ was an extremely ___ ___. This could replace ___, an ___ anaesthetic in which some people ___ up during surgery or some ___ woke up at all or other ___ like ___ and ___ which would ___ a patient if they ___. There was ___ opposition to ___ until ___ ___ used it ___.

Answer 57

In 1847, James Simpson found that chloroform was an extremely effective anaesthetic. This could replace ester, an unreliable anaesthetic in which some people woke up during surgery or some never woke up at all or other anaesthetics like mandrake and hemlock which would kill a patient if they overdosed. There was religious opposition to chloroform until Queen Victoria used it herself.

Question 58

In ___, Joseph Lister ___ his findings that ___ ___ was a very useful ___ that could prevent the ___ rates of death by ___. Before this, the ___ of a surgeon’s ___ demonstrated his ___. The death rate ___ carbolic acid began being used went from ___ to ___. By ___, all ___ were ___ sterilised and, in the ___, surgeons began to wear sterilised ___, ___ and ___ and use better ___ such as ___. They took ___ to carry out ___ instead of ___ (as ___ surgeons did for ___), but this ___ in higher ___ ___ at first.

Answer 58

In 1867, Joseph Lister publicised his findings that carbolic acid was a very useful antiseptic that could prevent the high rates of death by infection. Before this, the dirtiness of a surgeon’s apron demonstrated his abilities. The death rate after carbolic acid began being used went from 46% to 15%. By 1887, all instruments were steam sterilised and, in the 1900s, surgeons began to wear sterilised gowns, masks and gloves and use better tools such as scalpels. They took time to carry out operations instead of rushing (as old surgeons did for recognition), but this resulted in higher blood loss at first.

Question 59

Liston (not ___) amputated a ___ in ___ and a ___ minutes but ___ cut off the patient’s ___ alongside it.

Answer 59

Liston (not Lister) amputated a leg in two and a half minutes but accidentally cut off the patient’s testicles alongside it.

Question 60

What did Britain do about Pasteur and Koch’s findings?

Answer 60

They translated and lectured their ideas, meaning they spread very quickly.

Question 61

What were the problems with public health in the 19th century?

Answer 61

-> working conditions got worse due to the Industrial Revolution -> population growth -> many families were crammed together or shared rooms -> outbreaks of epidemics, such as cholera, spread fast

Question 62

Give 2 advantages and 1 disadvantage of the 1848 Public Health Act.

Answer 62

A national board of health was set up. Councils were encouraged to collect taxes to pay for public health improvements and appoint medical officers to oversee this. Local councils were not forced to follow these policies, and so it was ineffective.

Question 63

Give 3 advantages of the 1875 Public Health Act.

Answer 63

Finally forced councils to carry out public health improvements. Added the provision of clean water, proper drainage and sewage systems. Appointed a Medical Officer of Health in every area.

Question 64

Which Act allowed councils to clear slums and build better homes for working families?

Answer 64

The 1875 Artisans Dwellings Act

Question 65

What type of laws were introduced in 1876?

Answer 65

Laws against the pollution of rivers

Question 66

How many people died from cholera?

Answer 66

20,000

Question 67

What was the ‘Black Period’ in the 19th century?

Answer 67

Time where surgeons used the discovery of chloroform to attempt more complex operations - this could have even increased the death rate due to loss of blood

Question 68

In ___, Fleming left ___ containing ___ in his ___. Over ___, ___ had grown on it and, ___ the mould, there was ___ bacteria. However, he ___ experimented with this so ___ thought his discovery was very ___.

Answer 68

In 1928, Fleming left dishes containing bacteria in his lab. Over time, mould had grown on it and, around the mould, there was no bacteria. However, he barely experimented with this so nobody thought his discovery was very important.

Question 69

In ___, Florey and Chain found Fleming’s ___. They saw the ___ of ___ and tried to get ___ from the ___, but they only gave ___. They then asked for ___ from ___, who gave them enough for ___ years worth of ___. They discovered that it worked on ___ but they needed ___ times more dosage for ___. They achieved this in ___, tested it on someone, and it ___. However, they ___ ___ of penicillin in ___ days and the man ___. Mass-production of penicillin ___ and, by ___, there were ___ million doses.

Answer 69

In 1938, Florey and Chain found Fleming’s article. They saw the potential of penicillin and tried to get funding from the government, but they only gave £25. They then asked for money from America, who gave them enough for 5 years worth of research. They discovered that it worked on mice but they needed 3000 times more dosage for humans. They achieved this in 1941, tested it on someone, and it worked. However, they ran out of penicillin in 5 days and the man died. Mass-production of penicillin began and, by 1944, there were 2.3 million doses.

Question 70

In ___, Crick and Watson discovered the ___ of ___. ___ was the ___ person to ___ a technique to ___ ___. The ___ ___ ___ identified the ___ of each ___ in the ___ body between ___ and ___. This helped to ___ diseases caused by ___ (___ ___, ___ ___, etc.) rather than just using ___ ___ to identify diseases caused by ___.

Answer 70

In 1953, Crick and Watson discovered the structure of DNA. Franklin was the first person to develop a technique to photograph DNA. The Human Genome project identified the purpose of each gene in the human body between 1986 and 2001. This helped to identify diseases caused by genetics (cystic fibrosis, Down’s syndrome, etc.) rather than just using Germ Theory to identify diseases caused by bacteria.

Question 71

What began to happen in the 20th century to do with lifestyle?

Answer 71

With the 20th century came reports about lifestyle choices and how living conditions impact health. For example, Rowntree in 1901 wrote about how 25% of York lived in poverty and the reasoning behind it.

Question 72

When were electron microscopes invented?

Answer 72

1931

Question 73

When were magic bullets created, who made them and what are they?

Answer 73

Created in 1909 by Ehrlich. They target specific bacteria such as pneumonia and scarlet fever.

Question 74

The NHS came about in ___ after the ___ ___ recommended the need for a ___ ___ ___. ___ copies of this report were ___, and ___% of doctors ___ the NHS. There were very ___ waiting times at the ___ because over ___ people before this had never ___ a ___ before.

Answer 74

The NHS came about in 1948 after the Beveridge Report recommended the need for a National Health Service. 600,000 copies of this report were sold, and 92% of doctors joined the NHS. There were very long waiting times at the start because over 8 million people before this had never seen a doctor before.

Question 75

What is the qualification that was required to be a surgeon in the 20th century and what did it show?

Answer 75

FRCS. It showed a more serious attitude towards the profession.

Question 76

What did Röntgen discover, when did he discover it and why was it useful?

Answer 76

Discovered X-rays in 1895. This was useful in WW1 for identifying shrapnel wounds.

Question 77

What did Marie Curie discover, and why was it useful?

Answer 77

Discovered radium and developed radiotherapy and chemotherapy which was used to diagnose and treat cancers.

Question 78

What did Landsteiner discover and why was it useful?

Answer 78

Discovered blood groups and how the body rejected blood that was not of the same group. This helped create blood transfusions which were very useful for WW1.

Question 79

What was added to stored blood to stop it clotting?

Answer 79

Sodium citrate

Question 80

What did Barnard do, when did he do it and why was it useful?

Answer 80

He carried out the first successful heart transplant in 1967 and became a celebrity for this. This shows positive attitudes towards surgeons.

Question 81

What was developed for polio victims?

Answer 81

Iron lungs

Question 82

What did Gillies discover, and why was it useful?

Answer 82

He discovered plastic surgery and created skin grafts for deformed soldiers in WW1.

Question 83

What percentage of cases of lung cancer were due to smoking?

Answer 83

90%

Question 84

What was banned in the 20th century?

Answer 84

Smoking adverts

Question 85

What was used to warn about the dangers of smoking in the 20th century?

Answer 85

Cigarettes were no longer advertised and were often kept in out of sight places in stores and campaigns to warn against the dangers of smoking.

Question 86

When was the first battle of Ypres?

Answer 86

1914

Question 87

What happened in WW1 in 1915 during the Ypres salient (battlefield)?

Answer 87

The British used tunnelling and mines to capture Hill 60, a man-made hill from the Germans.

Question 88

What happened during the Second Battle of Ypres?

Answer 88

Chlorine gas was used for the first time by the Germans. This presented new injuries for soldiers.

Question 89

What happened during the Third Battle of Ypres?

Answer 89

The ground was very waterlogged and many British men drowned in the mud. There were 245,000 British casualties.

Question 90

What were the problems with the Battles of Ypres?

Answer 90

Very waterlogged conditions. The Germans had the high ground and could see the Allied movements.

Question 91

When was the Battle of the Somme and what happened?

Answer 91

It was in 1916, and there was an extremely high death rate. 20,000 soldiers died on the very first day, and there were 400,000 Allied casualties overall.

Question 92

When was the Battle of Arras and what happened?

Answer 92

It was in 1917. There were 160,000 British casualties. The terrain was chalky and a network of tunnels were dug below Arras with underground rooms containing running water and electricity. There was also an underground hospital with 700 beds.

Question 93

When was the Battle of Cambrai and what happened?

Answer 93

It was in 1917. The Allies used 450 tanks to launch a surprise attack, but lost the land after they won it due to lack of infantry for these tanks. A blood bank was set up here.

Question 94

In WW1, what did stretcher bearers carry and what were the issues with them?

Answer 94

They carried bandages and pain relief, such as morphine. However, there were only 16 stretcher bearers per 1000 men, and in muddy conditions it would take 6-8 bearers to carry just one stretcher. The injured had to wait hours or days to be rescued.

Question 95

What was the evacuation route?

Answer 95

Stretcher bearers, RAP, field ambulances/dressing stations, CCS and then base hospitals.

Question 96

In WW1, what was the RAP and what were the issues with them?

Answer 96

They were posts usually dug into the walls of the trenches where they would be met with a Batallion medical officer who would bandage minor wounds and send the soldiers back to fight or, with more severe injuries, send them to a dressing station. However, there was only 1 of these officers for every 1000 men and it was often under fire.

Question 97

In WW1, what were field ambulances and dressing stations and what was the issue with them?

Answer 97

Field ambulances were mobile teams of doctors and, from 1915, nurses. They would transport soldiers to dressing stations around a mile from the front line. Severe cases would be sent to Casualty Clearing Stations (CCS). However, there were not enough ambulances to transport soldiers to CCS.

Question 98

In WW1, what were Casualty Clearing Stations and what were the issues with them?

Answer 98

They were large tents around 10 miles from the front lines. They did operations and amputations and separated patients by a ‘triage’ system where patients were prioritised on how urgently they needed care. However, they could only deal with 1,000 patients at a time and so were easily overwhelmed.

Question 99

In WW1, what were base hospitals and what were the issues with them?

Answer 99

They were civilian hospitals reached by train or ambulance. They handled very severe injuries and could take 2,500 patients at a time. Had things like laboratories, operating theatres and specialist centres for treating things like gas injuries. However, the journey was often slow and painful.

Question 100

What 3 gases were used in WW1, when were they first used and what did soldiers do to prevent it?

Answer 100

Chlorine gas - 1915 Phosgene gas - 1915 Mustard gas - 1917 Soldiers urinated on handkerchiefs and held them to their nose.

Question 101

What was gangrene and how was it caused?

Answer 101

Decomposition of the body due to lack of blood supply, caused by bacteria from the soil getting into wounds.

Question 102

What caused trench fever?

Answer 102

Lice

Question 103

What were the symptoms of trench fever?

Answer 103

High temperature, headaches and muscle pains

Question 104

What was the impact of trench fever?

Answer 104

15% of men were out of action for days or even weeks

Question 105

What was done to prevent trench fever?

Answer 105

Delousing stations, louse repellent gel or soldiers would just pick the lice off of them themselves

Question 106

What caused trench foot?

Answer 106

The waterlogged trenches and constantly wet feet

Question 107

What were the symptoms of trench foot?

Answer 107

Numb and swollen feet with a lack of blood supply

Question 108

What was the impact of trench foot?

Answer 108

Could lead to gangrene and some cases were hospitalised

Question 109

How did they try to prevent trench foot?

Answer 109

Whale oil on feet, foot inspections and getting a higher supply of socks

Question 110

What was the cause of shell shock?

Answer 110

Psychological reaction to horror

Question 111

What were the symptoms of shell shock?

Answer 111

Shaking, paralysis and staring

Question 112

How many cases were recorded of shell shock?

Answer 112

80,000

Question 113

What were treatments of shellshock like at the start and end of the war?

Answer 113

At the start, soldiers were shamed, disciplined or even endured electric shock. At the end, soldiers received psychiatric care and a period of rest.

Question 114

Why could aseptic surgery not be done on WW1 soldiers?

Answer 114

Soldiers got infected again too quickly after being treated due to mud and their clothes

Question 115

What was debridement?

Answer 115

The cutting off of infected tissue as quickly as possible

Question 116

What was the Carrel-Dakin method?

Answer 116

Where a sterilised salt solution was put into a wound through a tube

Question 117

How many men had lost limbs in WW1 by 1918?

Answer 117

240,000

Question 118

What impact did the Thomas Splint have?

Answer 118

It reduced the death rate from 80% to 20%.

Question 119

What did Cushing create for brain surgery in WW1?

Answer 119

A surgical magnet to remove metal fragments from the soldiers’ brains

Question 120

What was FANY and RAMC?

Answer 120

FANY - founded in 1907, volunteer nurses who helped the wounded and drove ambulances RAMC - organised and provided medical care; included doctors, ambulance drivers and even stretcher bearers