ᥱᥣιzᥲbᥱth (𝟷𝟻𝟻𝟾-𝟷𝟻𝟾𝟾)

Question 1

Describe two features of Elizabeth’s upbringing. [4 marks]

Answer 1

Well educated - she had a private tutor and knew five languages.
Dangerous - she was accused of treason by Mary I, but was not put on trial due to lack of evidence.

Question 2

One of Elizabeth’s early problems was financial weakness. Give 3 pieces of evidence to support this.

Answer 2

• inherited a debt of £300,000
• Mary I had sold off crown lands, meaning Elizabeth did not receive as much rent
• high inflation levels meant that her people, especially the poor, were not able to afford food

Question 3

One of Elizabeth’s early problems were challenges from abroad. Give 3 pieces of evidence to support this.

Answer 3

• the most powerful country (Spain) was Catholic
• Mary I had gone to war with France and lost, losing Calais, England’s last remaining territory in France
• Mary Queen of Scots was married to the heir of France, so they had close ties with France

Question 4

One of Elizabeth’s early problems was religion. Give 3 pieces of evidence to support this.

Answer 4

• there had been constant religious changes over the past 30 years
• Mary I had killed 300 protestants at the stake (Bloody Mary), and right after her reign was Elizabeth, a protestant
• she wanted to unite the country, but past religious changes had caused rebellions

Question 5

What do Protestants wish the Church to be like? Mention decoration, services and sins.

Answer 5

They want plain churches without decoration as it’s distracting.
They believe services and the Bible should be in English so that everyone can understand them.
They believe that sins can only be forgiven by God himself.

Question 6

What do Catholics wish the Church to be like? Mention decoration, services and sins.

Answer 6

They want elaborately decorated churches with paintings and candles to show God’s glory.
They believe services and the Bible should be in Latin as this was tradition and can therefore only be read by priests.
They believe that sins can be forgiven by praying or paying money to the Church.

Question 7

What was the Act of Supremacy? [3 points]

Answer 7

Elizabeth changed her title from the Head of the Church to Supreme Governor.
This pleased Catholics as she wasn’t claiming to be above the Pope.
All clergy had to swear an oath of allegiance.

Question 8

What was the Act of Uniformity? [2 points]

Answer 8

Established the appearance and form of service that all Churches had to follow.
Introduced the Book of Common Prayer.

Question 9

What were the royal injunctions? [2 points]

Answer 9

Instructions on how people should worship God and structure their services.
She banned pilgrimages as these ‘faked’ miracles.

Question 10

What was her overall religious settlement when it came to services?

Answer 10

Services were in English and a Protestant prayer book was used.
Bread and wine were offered at Holy Communion, but reasons left vague to please both sides.
She allowed the displeased Catholics to worship outside of the Church as long as it was not public - “no monarch should have a window into a man’s soul”.

Question 11

What was her overall religious settlement when it came to decoration?

Answer 11

Some decoration along with the singing of hymns was permitted.
This was pleasing to both sides, but some Puritans complained that it looked ‘too Catholic’.
She allowed crucifixes and even kept one in her own private chapel.

Question 12

What was her overall religious settlement when it came to clergy?

Answer 12

They had to swear an oath of allegiance when she passed her Act of Supremacy.
They had to wear a surplice instead of plain black gowns, displeasing Puritans.
However, only 250 out of 9000 priests refused this.

Question 13

One of the reasons that people accepted the settlement is because it ended religious conflict. Give 2 pieces of evidence and a criticism to support this.

Answer 13

Catholics believed they would be punished by Elizabeth just as Mary I had done to Protestants. This settlement gained some Catholic trust.
England had gone through many monarchs and religious changes over 30 years, and this settlement could end the confusion so many accepted it HOWEVER this was short-term as religious conflict remained throughout her reign.

Question 14

One of the reasons that people accepted the settlement is because it pleased both Catholics and Protestants. Give 2 pieces of evidence and a criticism to support this.

Answer 14

The Act of Supremacy pleased Protestants as it established her as leader of the Church, but it also pleased Catholics as she wasn’t ‘Head’, meaning she was below the Pope.
Elizabeth turned a blind eye to private Catholic worship, pleasing Catholics as they could get away with their own traditions, and pleasing Protestants as they didn’t have to see these traditions in Church HOWEVER Catholics still worshipped in secret, so you could argue they didn’t accept the settlement but rather tolerated it.

Question 15

One of the reasons that people accepted the settlement is because it was enforced. Give 2 pieces of evidence and a criticism to support this.

Answer 15

Images of the Queen were placed on medallions instead of Virgin Mary, making Catholics view her as the most important person in the Church.
Non-attendance to Church was made illegal, the fine being 1 shilling HOWEVER many Catholics chose to pay this fine if they could and worship secretly.

Question 16

Puritans challenged her religious settlement. List 3 things you could say about this.

Answer 16

• they did not approve of the use of crucifixes, viewing it as an ‘idol’ other than God that was being worshipped
• wanted decorations and vestments to be plain and simple as to not distract people
• in Parliament, the ‘Puritan Choir’ would shout over Elizabeth, making it harder to pass laws

Question 17

Catholics challenged her religious settlement. List 3 things you could say about this.

Answer 17

• Catholics were very displeased that services were held in English, as they believed Latin was the sacred language
• a third of Catholics were recusants, undermining her authority
• in 1569, Catholics attempted the unsuccessful Revolt of Northern Earls

Question 18

The Pope challenged her religious settlement. List 3 things you could say about this.

Answer 18

• in 1566 he issued an instruction to all Catholics, telling them not to attend Church or they’d go to Hell
• the Pope privately supported many plots against Elizabeth’s life, making him likely to support invasions from other countries too
• in 1570 he excommunicated Elizabeth with a Papal Bull, meaning Catholics no longer obeyed her

Question 19

Give three reasons why Mary Queen of Scots was a threat.

Answer 19

• she had been married to the heir of France whilst France was an enemy of England
• she was Elizabeth’s cousin and therefore the throne would go to Mary if Elizabeth died (she displayed the English royal coat of arms in 1961 to show this claim)
• she was Catholic, so many Catholics believed that she was more suited to the throne

Question 20

When was the Revolt of the Northern Earls and how many were killed?

Answer 20

1569, 800 killed

Question 21

When was the Ridolfi Plot and what happened to Ridolfi?

Answer 21

1571, he was arrested

Question 22

When was the Throckmorton Plot and what happened to both Throckmorton and Mary Queen of Scots?

Answer 22

1583, Throckmorton executed, Mary moved to Tutbury Castle and was forced into isolation

Question 23

When was the Babington Plot and what happened to Mary Queen of Scots?

Answer 23

1586, she was executed

Question 24

Who was Francis Walsingham? [4 points]

Answer 24

• Secretary of State from 1573
• intercepted letters and tortured suspects (especially against Catholics)
• his job was to stop plots against Elizabeth
• he was ruthless whilst Elizabeth was clean, upkeeping her reputation

Question 25

The Revolt of the Northern Earls was in ___. Catholic ___ had gathered an army of ___ soldiers in their attempt to restore England to ___. They stormed into ___ ___ and held a Catholic ___ which was currently ___. When Elizabeth heard this, she sent an ___ and put ___ rebels to ___.

Answer 25

The Revolt of the Northern Earls was in 1569. Catholic Earls had gathered an army of 6,000 soldiers in their attempt to restore England to Catholicism. They stormed into Durham Cathedral and held a Catholic service which was currently illegal. When Elizabeth heard this, she sent an army and put 800 rebels to death.

Question 26

The Ridolfi plot was in ___. He planned to ___ Elizabeth with the help from ___ ___ II of ___, the ___ of ___ and ___ Queen of ___. Ridolfi planned to use the ___ to invade and sent the details to the ___ of ___ via ___. This plot was uncovered by Elizabeth’s advisor, ___, and Ridolfi was ___.

Answer 26

The Ridolfi plot was in 1571. He planned to assassinate Elizabeth with the help from King Phillip II of Spain, the Duke of Norfolk and Mary Queen of Scots. Ridolfi planned to use the Spanish to invade and sent the details to the Duke of Norfolk via letter. This plot was uncovered by Elizabeth’s advisor, Cecil, and Ridolfi was arrested.

Question 27

The Throckmorton plot was in ___. Throckmorton planned for a ___ army to invade England, paid for by ___ ___ II of ___ and the ___. Phillip did not send the ___ so it did not go ahead. Throckmorton claimed that ___ ___ of ___ knew nothing of the plot despite her ___ she did. Throckmorton was ___ and Mary was moved to ___ Castle to be put in ___.

Answer 27

The Throckmorton plot was in 1583. Throckmorton planned for a French army to invade England, paid for by King Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Phillip did not send the money so it did not go ahead. Throckmorton claimed that Mary Queen of Scots knew nothing of the plot despite her saying she did. Throckmorton was executed and Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle to be put in isolation.

Question 28

The Babington plot was in ___. Babington planned to ___ Mary Queen of Scots and ___ Elizabeth, using secret ___ to communicate. These letters were ___ and this was the ___ to prove Mary’s ___. Both ___ and ___ ___ of ___ were ___.

Answer 28

The Babington plot was in 1586. Babington planned to rescue Mary Queen of Scots and murder Elizabeth, using secret letters to communicate. These letters were found and this was the evidence to prove Mary’s guilt. Both Babington and Mary Queen of Scots were executed.

Question 29

How many months did it take Elizabeth to sign Mary Queen of Scots’ death warrant, and when did her advisors, to her fury, do it for her?

Answer 29

2 months, and her advisors did it for her in 1587

Question 30

What were the reasons why England went to war with Spain in 1585?

Answer 30

- religious rivalry (England was Protestant, Spain was Catholic) - political rivalry (they were both fighting for power in the New World) - trade rivalry (England was trying to take over Spanish trade in the New World) - involvement in the Netherlands (England was interfering in the Spanish-owned Netherlands)

Question 31

One reason why England went to war with Spain in 1585 was because of religious rivalry. Give 2 pieces of evidence and a criticism.

Answer 31

- Elizabeth set up a Protestant church in 1559 - Phillip saw restoring countries to Catholicism as his life’s work BUT this was not a big reason for war as Phillip worried that England would ally with France against him

Question 32

One reason why England went to war with Spain in 1585 was because of trade rivalry. Give 3 pieces of evidence.

Answer 32

- overproduction of cloth led to a slump in the market in 1550 - Spain brought the Netherlands under tighter control and they were no longer allowed to trade cloth with England - England and Spain then fought for a new lucrative area for trade - the New World (Francis Drake - El Draque - looted Spanish ships located there)

Question 33

One reason why England went to war with Spain in 1585 was because of political rivalry. Give 2 pieces of evidence and a criticism.

Answer 33

- Francis Drake - El Draque - was looting ships in the New World - Robert Dudley was trying to reduce Spanish control over the Netherlands par Elizabeth’s order - BUT France was a bigger threat and so he didn’t want Mary Queen of Scots to get the throne and connect England and France as allies

Question 34

One reason why England went to war with Spain in 1585 was because of English involvement in the Netherlands. Give 3 pieces of evidence.

Answer 34

- in 1572, Protestants rebelled against Spanish rule and asked for help from Elizabeth when Phillip sent his army - Elizabeth hesitated as it was expensive and if France got involved then England would be in danger, so she sent money and weapons secretly instead - when the leader of the rebels was killed, Elizabeth sent an army of 7000 led by Robert Dudley which Phillip saw as an act of war against Spain

Question 35

When and why did Phillip send his Armada?

Answer 35

In 1588, to retrieve his army who were fighting in the Netherlands and invade England instead

Question 36

In the war, how many people and boats did Spain lose?

Answer 36

20,000 people 51 boats

Question 37

In the war, how many people and boats did England lose?

Answer 37

100 people 0 boats

Question 38

The Armada sets sail for England on the ___ ___ 1588. It is sighted by the ___, and they light warning ___. When the Armada anchors near ___ to collect more ___, England send ___ ___ into the fleet, scattering them out of ___. Spanish ships are blown with ___ towards dangerous ___ and England attack ___-___. England turn back after ___ and ___ run low, and any surviving ___ ships return to ___.

Answer 38

The Armada sets sail for England on the 21st July 1588. It is sighted by the English, and they light warning beacons. When the Armada anchors near Calais to collect more troops, England send flaming ships into the fleet, scattering them out of formation. Spanish ships are blown with wind towards dangerous sandbanks and England attack close-range. England turn back after food and ammunition run low, and any surviving Spanish ships return to Spain.

Question 39

One reason why the Spanish Armada were defeated is because of tactics. Give 3 pieces of evidence.

Answer 39

- the Spanish arrived in a crescent formation which was easily broken by the flaming ships - Lord Howard was the one who ordered 8 unmanned English ships to be filled with gunpowder and become the flaming ships - they couldn’t use their usual tactic of boarding enemy ships and fighting on them as England kept their distance

Question 40

One reason why the Spanish Armada were defeated is because of weather. Give 3 pieces of evidence.

Answer 40

- the wind blew the flaming ships into the path of the Spanish ships docked at Calais - the wind also forced the Armada into the North Sea, so they had to return to Spain by going around Scotland but over 40 ships were wrecked by being blown into rocks and thousands of soldiers drowned - Elizabeth called the wind a ‘Protestant Wind’ sent by God to defeat the Armada

Question 41

One reason why the Spanish Armada were defeated is because of resources. Give 3 pieces of evidence.

Answer 41

- Spanish cannons had a shorter range and could only fire once, whereas English cannons had a longer range and could fire multiple times - Spanish ships were slower and harder to steer, but Hawkins had designed English ships to be faster - England burnt the water-tight oak that the Spanish were going to use to store food and water, so the new barrels meant that Spain’s food went rotten fast

Question 42

Why did Elizabeth invest in Walter Raleigh’s ability to establish colonies in the New World?

Answer 42

It was thought that there was an inexhaustible supply of oil, sugar and wine which would have reduced England’s trading dependency on Europe.

Question 43

When did Raleigh obtain a royal charter and what was it for?

Answer 43

1584, to establish a colony on Roanoke Island

Question 44

What happened to the two expeditions Walter Raleigh carried out to take settlers to the colony?

Answer 44

The first came home after a year, but the second were left there and disappeared. They were then named ‘The Lost Colony’.

Question 45

Give 2 pastimes for Nobility/Gentry, the poor and both.

Answer 45

NOBILITY/GENTRY: - fencing - hunting POOR: - football (though people got killed due to no rules) - blood sports (cockfighting and bear-baiting to gamble on) BOTH: - wrestling (nobility/gentry in private, poor in public) - theatre

Question 46

Give 4 facts about Elizabethan theatres.

Answer 46

They were not permanent until the 1570s and consisted of groups of actors travelling around and performing plays based on the Bible. It appealed to rich and poor - the rich stood in sheltered galleries or stools on the stage to show off, whilst the poor stood in the pit and were called groundlings. There was a one penny entrance fee. The Queen never went to theatre but enjoyed it so got actors to perform in her court, much to the displeasure of Puritans who believed theatre was the work of the devil.

Question 47

Give 2 facts about education.

Answer 47

- petty schools were attended mostly by boys at 6 until they could read and write and focused on the hornbook, a wooden board showing the alphabet and Lord’s Prayer - around 100 new grammar schools were made during Elizabeth’s reign and were open to boys (it was very rare for girls to attended) and focused on Latin and literature

Question 48

Why did poverty increase due to population? (3 points)

Answer 48

Between 1558 and 1603, population increased by 35%. London had a population of 150,000 whilst the second biggest city, Norwich, only had 15,000. Food production did not keep up and the number of jobs available remained the same, causing problems.

Question 49

Why did poverty increase due to employment/inflation? (3 points)

Answer 49

Trade embargos with the Netherlands led to unemployment and vagrancy. More people wanted work and employers wanted to keep costs down so wages decreased. Prices also raised for items in demand - wool, grain, etc.

Question 50

Why did poverty increase due to harvests? (3 points)

Answer 50

Wool made up 80% of England’s exports so was very important to farm. Land previously used for food production was replaced with sheep farming crops were grown to feed these sheep. There were very poor harvests which led to increased prices and starvation.

Question 51

What was Elizabeth’s response to the poor?

Answer 51

There was a compulsory ‘Poor Rate’ system where people were basically paying tax. She banned begging and beggars were punished with whips, burns on the ear or hanging. She tried to hide poverty by making almshouses for them to go to.

Question 52

One reason why voyagers explored was because of personal gain. Give 3 pieces of evidence.

Answer 52

Voyagers were jealous that Francis Drake received a knighthood and Raleigh was viewed as a hero, and wanted the same fame and praise. Selling enslaved people to Spanish colonists in the New World was very lucrative and made voyagers rich. Francis Drake had also returned with £400,000 worth of treasure.

Question 53

One reason why voyagers explored was to help Elizabeth/England. Give 3 pieces of evidence.

Answer 53

The Queen commissioned voyages herself to benefit financially from treasure brought back. Attacking and looting Spanish ships, like Hawkins and Drake often did, would challenge Spain’s power and influence so was beneficial to Elizabeth. When the wool market collapsed, merchants needed to find new markets to protect the trade and sell goods.

Question 54

One reason why voyagers explored was to spread ideas. Give 3 pieces of evidence.

Answer 54

Some explorers set sail simply to spread Protestantism and hold back the containing spread of Catholic enemies. The ideas of the Renaissance encouraged a thirst for learning and exploration which drove Elizabethans to set sail. Raleigh attempted to colonise Virginia which would spread English influence and be a source of raw materials that may be useful.